Kakalardo

Kakalardo
Pennsylvaniar-gaur egun

Sailkapen zientifikoa
ErreinuaAnimalia
AzpierreinuaBilateria
FilumaArthropoda
KlaseaInsecta
SuperordenaEndopterygota
Ordena Coleoptera
Azpiordenak

Kakalardoak (Coleoptera ordena) 360.000 espezie dituen intsektu ordena bat da. Animalia erreinuan dagoen ordenarik handiena da, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera eta Dipteraren aurretik. Onddoak bezainbeste espezie daude edo ugaztunak baino 66 aldiz gehiago.

Coleopteraren barruan dibertsitate morfologiko handia dago. Kakarraldoak ia edozein lekutan bizi daitezke, baita ur gezatan ere, nahiz eta ingurune itsastarretan oso gutxi diren. Coleoptera gehienak belarjaleak dira eta espezie asko izurritea izan daitezke landatutako eremuetan.

Kakalardoen taldeko espezieek metamorfosi konplexua burutzen dute, hau da, arraultzetik larba itxuran irteten dira, eta pupa fase bat iragan behar dute helduarora heltzeko.

Espezieen artean elikadura ohitura ezberdin anitz diren arren, kakalardo gehienek mastekatzaile motako aho-aparatua dute. Elikadurari dagokionez, kakalardoen artean badira belarjaleak (hostoak, haziak, sustraiak, zura, polena... jaten dituztenak), koprofagoak (gorotzez elikatzen direnak), haragijaleak (ehiztari eta sarraskijaleak), onddojaleak...

Aurreko hegoak oso gogorrak dira eta elitro izena ematen zaie. Hauek sortzen duten oskolaz toraxaren atzealdea babesten dute, baita bigarren hego parea eta abdomena ere. Aurreko hegoak ez dituzte erabiltzen hegaz egiteko baina altxatu behar dituzte espezie gehienetan atzeko hegoak erabili ahal izateko. Pausatzen direnean atzeko hegoak elitroen barruan gordetzen dira. Kakarraldo gehienek hegaz egin dezakete, baina oso gutxi dira gai euliek bezain ondo egiteko eta hegaldia bakarrik behar-beharrezkoa denean erabiltzen dute. Espezie batzuetan elitroak ezin dira ireki eta beraz ezin dute hegaz egin.

Euskaraz kakalardo izendapenaz gain, beste hauek ere erabiltzen dira: kakarraldo, kotxorro, arkulo edo arkamele.

Filogenia

Hauek dira lau subordenen artean proposaturiko erlazio filogenetikoak[1]:

Coleoptera

Archostemata

Adephaga

Myxophaga

Polyphaga

Talde hauei desagerturiko protocoleoptera subordena gehi dakieke.

Familiak

Familia Irudia
Acanthoceridae
Acanthocnemidae
Aclopidae
Ademosynidae
Aderidae
Aegialiidae
Agapythidae
Agyrtidae
Akalyptoischiidae
Alexiidae
Allocorynidae
Allocoryninae
Alloioscarabaeidae
Amphizoidae
Anamorphidae
Anthicidae
Anthribidae
Aphodiidae
Apionidae
Apophisandridae
Apotomouridae
Archeocrypticidae
Lucanidae
Artematopodidae
Asiocoleidae
Aspidytidae
Attalomimidae
Attelabidae
Aulonocnemidae
Belidae
Belohinidae
Berendtimiridae
Biphyllidae
Boganiidae
Bolboceratidae
Boleopsidae
Boridae
Bostrichidae
Bothrideridae
Brachyceridae
Brachypsectridae
Brachypteridae
Brachyrrhinidae
Brenthidae
Brentidae
Buprestidae
Byrrhidae
Byturidae
Callirhipidae
Cantharidae
Carabidae
Caridae
Catiniidae
Cavognathidae
Cebrionidae
Cerambycidae
Cerasommatidiidae
Ceratocanthidae
Cerophytidae
Cerylonidae
Cetoniidae
Chaetosomatidae
Chalcodryidae
Chelonariidae
Chrysomelidae
Cicindelidae
Ciidae
Circaeidae
Clambidae
Cleridae
Cneoglossidae
Coelocatiniidae
Coleopsidae
Colymbotethidae
Coptoclavidae
Corylophidae
Cretohisteridae
Cretophengodidae
Crowsoniellidae
Cryptolaryngidae
Cryptophagidae
Cucujidae
Cupedidae
Curculionidae
Curculiopsidae
Cyathoceridae
Cybocephalidae
Cyclaxyridae
Dascillidae
Dasyceridae
Dasytidae
Decliniidae
Derodontidae
Diphyllostomatidae
Discolomatidae
Disteniidae
Drilidae
Dryophthoridae
Dryopidae
Dynastidae
Eccoptarthridae
Elateridae
Electrapatidae
Elmidae
Elodiidae
Elodophthalmidae
Empelidae
Endecatomidae
Endomychidae
Eobelidae
Epimetopidae
Eremazidae
Erirhinidae
Erotylidae
Euchiridae
Eucinetidae
Eucnemidae
Eugnamptini
Eulichadidae
Eupsilobiidae
Eurhynchidae
Euxestidae
Georissidae
Georyssidae
Geotrupidae
Gietellidae
Glaphyridae
Glaresidae
Gyrinoidea
Haliplidae
Haliploidea
Haplochelidae
Helophoridae
Helotidae
Heteroceridae
Histeridae
Hobartiidae
Homalisidae
Hybosoridae
Hydraenidae
Hydrochidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydroscaphidae
Hygrobiidae
Iberobaeniidae
Idiomacerinae
Ipidae
Lampyridae
Ischaliidae
Ithyceridae
Jacobsoniidae
Jurasaidae
Jurodidae
Kaltanocoleidae
Karumiidae
Kateretidae
Labradorocoleidae
Laemophloeidae
Lagrioididae
Lamingtoniidae
Languriidae
Lasiosynidae
Latridiidae
Lebanophytidae
Leiodidae
Lepiceridae
Liadytidae
Liaoximordellidae
Limnichidae
Lithoscarabaeidae
Lophocateridae
Lutrochidae
Lycidae
Lyctidae
Lymexylidae
Magnocoleidae
Malachiidae
Malacodermidae
Mastigocoleidae
Mauroniscidae
Megalopodidae
Melandryidae
Melolonthidae
Melyridae
Meruidae
Mesocinetidae
Mesophyletidae
Metaxinidae
Metrioxeninae
Micromalthidae
Microsporidae
Monommatidae
Monotomidae
Moravocoleidae
Mordellidae
Murmidiidae
Mycetaeidae
Mycetophagidae
Mycteridae
Myraboliidae
Mysteriomorphidae
Nanophyidae
Nemonychidae
Nitidulidae
Nosodendridae
Noteridae
Oborocoleidae
Obrieniidae
Ochodaeidae
Oedemeridae
Omalisidae
Omethidae
Ommatidae
Orphnidae
Orsodacnidae
Ostomatidae
Oxycorynidae
Oxypeltidae
Pachypodidae
Paelobiidae
Parahygrobiidae
Paralucanidae
Parandrexidae
Passalidae
Passalopalpidae
Passandridae
Pelobiidae
Peltidae
Peltosynidae
Perimylopidae
Permocupedidae
Permosynidae
Phalacridae
Phengodidae
Phloeostichidae
Phloiophilidae
Phoroschizidae
Phycosecidae
Anobiidae
Plastoceridae
Platypodidae
Pleocomidae
Podabrocephalidae
Ponomarenkiidae
Ponomarenkiumidae
Praelateriidae
Praemordellidae
Priasilphidae
Prionoceridae
Promecheilidae
Propalticidae
Prostomidae
Protelmidae
Protocucujidae
Protopeltidae
Psephenidae
Pseudonepidae
Pterocolini
Pterogeniidae
Ptiliidae
Ptilodactylidae
Ptinidae
Ptismidae
Pyrochroidae
Pythidae
Raymondionymidae
Rentoniidae
Rhadalidae
Rhagophthalmidae
Rhinorhipidae
Rhipiceridae
Rhipiphoridae
Rhizophagidae
Rhombocoleidae
Rhynchitidae
Rhysodidae
Ripiphoridae
Rutelidae
Salpingidae
Sandalidae
Scarabaeidae
Schizocoleidae
Schizophoridae
Schizopodidae
Scirtidae
Scolytidae
Scraptiidae
Scydmaenidae
Septiventeridae
Sikhotealiniidae
Silphidae
Silvanidae
Sinisilvanidae
Sinodryopitidae
Smicripidae
Sojanocoleidae
Spercheidae
Sphaeritidae
Sphaeriusidae
Sphindidae
Staphylinidae
Stenotrachelidae
Synchroidae
Synteliidae
Taldycupedidae
Tasmosalpingidae
Telegeusidae
Teredidae
Tetrameropseidae
Tetratomidae
Thanerocleridae
Throscidae
Thymalidae
Torridincolidae
Trachelostenidae
Trachypachidae
Triadocupedidae
Triamyxidae
Triaplidae
Tricoleidae
Trictenotomidae
Tritarsidae
Tritarsusidae
Trixagidae
Trogidae
Trogossitidae
Tshekardocoleidae
Ulodidae
Ulyanidae
Uralocoleidae
Vesperidae
Wabbelidae
Gyrinidae
Dermestidae
Zeugophoridae
Zopheridae
Bruchidae
Dytiscidae
Coccinellidae
Meloidae
Tenebrionidae

Erreferentziak

Wikimedia Commonsen badira fitxategi gehiago, gai hau dutenak: Kakalardo Aldatu lotura Wikidatan
  1. Vanin, S.A. & Ide, S. 2002. Classificaçao comentada de Coleoptera. Monografías del Tercer Milenio, SEA, 2: 193-205. ISBN 84-922495-8-7

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