Highland Clearances

Etxeen hondarrak Loch Roageko Fuaigh Mòr uhartean. Beren biztanleak 1841ean kanporatuak izan ziren eta egun ardiak baino ez dira bizi han.

Ingelesez Highland Clearances (euskaraz: "Lur Garaietako garbiketa") edo Eskoziako gaeleraz Fuadaich nan Gàidheal (euskaraz: "Gaelikoen kanporaketa") XVIII. mendean zehar Eskoziako Lur Garaietako biztanleriaren behartutako tokialdatzea izan zen[1]. Kanpaina horrek Eskoziako kostalderantz, Lur Beherantz eta atzerriranzko bidea hartu zuen migrazio masiboa eragin zuen. Garbiketa hura Erresuma Batuko nekazaritza-sistemaren aldaketa osoaren beste pauso bat izan arren, Eskozian beste lekuetan baino latzagoa izan zen. Kronologikoki berantiarra izateak, eskoziar legeek epe laburreko errentariei emandako babes ezak, gizartea antolatzen zuten klanen galerak eta kanporatze aginduen bortizkeriak[2] Highland Clearances prozesua nabarmendu zuten.

Erresuma Batuko nekazaritzaren industrializazioak Ingalaterran ez ezik, Eskoziako hegoaldean ere (Lowland Clearances izeneko prozesua) jadanik arazoak sortu zituen[3]. Hala ere, Eskoziako iparraldeak bere hizkuntza eta sistema sasi-feudala mantendu zituen (klanak)[4]. Hori zela eta, etorkinen eta beren ondorengoen artean kexak eta gaitzondoa sortu zituen, hirietako auzo pobreetako edo lur-jabeentzako langile edo crofter bihurtuak.

Erreferentziak

  1. ↑ The Highland Clearances: An Introduction
  2. ↑ Highlanderweb - Highland clearances
  3. ↑ Thomas Devine: The Highland Clearances
  4. ↑ Narratives in a Landscape: Monuments and Memories of the Sutherland Clearances

Bibliografia

  • Alexander McKenzie, "An overview of the Clearances", 1881.
  • Donald Macleod, "Gloomy Memories", 1857.
  • John Prebble, "The Highland Clearances", Secker & Warburg, 1963.
  • Eric Richards, "The Highland Clearances", Birlinn Books, 2000.
  • Eric Richards, "A history of the Highland clearances. Vol.1, Agrarian transformation and the evictions 1746-1886", Croom Helm, 1982, INBS 085664496X
  • Ian Grimble, "The Strathnaver Trilogy", hiru liburukiak: "Chief of MacKay", "The Trial of Patrick Sellar" eta "The World of Rob Donn".
  • Marianne McLean, "The People of Glengarry. Highlanders in Transition, 1745-1820", McGill-Queen's University Press; 1993.
  • Hubert Gebele, "Die Schottischen Clans im 18. Jahrhundert, Vom Wandel und Ende einer Hochlandgesellschaft am Rande Europas", Regensburg, 2003.
  • James Hunter, "The Making of the Crofting Community", John Donald Publishers Ltd, 2000.

Kanpo estekak


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