Pessimism

Optimist ja pessimist, Vladimir Makovsky, 1893

Pessimism (ladina keele pessimus 'halvim') on vaimne hoiak, mis vastandub optimismile. Pessimistid eeldavad igast olukorrast ebasoodsat tulemust ja usuvad, et elu jooksul kogevad nad rohkem negatiivseid kui positiivseid olukordi. Üldiselt keskenduvad pessimistid pigem elu negatiivsetele aspektidele. Kõige levinum näide pessimismist on arvamus, et pooleldi täidetud klaas on pooltühi, mitte pooltäis. [1]

Filosoofiline pessimism on maailmavaade või eetika, mille kohaselt vaadeldakse maailma rangelt anti-optimistlikust vaatenurgast. Filosoofiline pessimism taotleb põhjendamatute ootuste eemaldamist, vaidlustab progressi ideed ja optimismi, mis põhineb lootusel või usul. Filosoofilised pessimistid on tihti ka eksistentsiaalsed nihilistid ehk usuvad, et elul iseenesest puudub mõte või väärtus. Filosoofilised pessimistid usuvad, et inimese teadlikkus ajast tekitab suuremat piina kui füüsiline valu, sest inimesed suudavad mõtiskleda mineviku ja tuleviku üle ning seega teavad, et ühel päeval nad surevad. Hirm selle ees on pidev meeldetuletus, et elu on ajutine ja et seda saatust ei saa ära hoida. [2]

Filosoofilise pessimismi järjekindel esindaja on näiteks Arthur Schopenhauer. Tema arvates on maailm kõigist võimalikest maailmadest kõige halvem, kui see oleks veelgi halvem, siis ta lihtsalt lakkaks eksisteerimast.

Tüübid

Epistemoloogiline

Mitut epistemoloogia teooriat võib pidada pessimistlikuks, kuna nad väidavad, et maailma kohta teadmisi omandada on raske või isegi võimatu.

Poliitiline ja kultuurne

Konservatiivid, eriti sotsiaalsed konservatiivid, tajuvad poliitikat tihti pessimistlikult ning näevad läänemaailma kui dekadentlikku ja nihilistlikku tsivilisatsiooni, mis on hüljanud oma ristiusu ja/või kreeka filosoofia juured, põhjustades läänemaailma moraalse ja poliitilise kõdunemise.

Paljud majanduslikud konservatiivid ja klassikalised liberaalid usuvad, et valitsuse suurenemine on vältimatu ja et parimal juhul on võimalik vaid selle pidurdumise nimel võidelda.

Tehnoloogiline ja keskkondlik

Tehnoloogiline pessimism on usk, et teaduse ja tehnoloogia areng ei paranda inimeste elu.

Entroopiline pessimism

Entroopiline pessimism väidab, et inimeste tegevused ja tehnoloogia kiirendavad Maa "soojussurma" tulekut, kus energia ja keskkond on halvenenud ning loodusvarad ammendatud.

Seaduslik

Advokaadid eelistavad pigem pessimistlikud olla, kuna optimistlikud ennustused võivad kohtus täiesti valeks osutuda - piinlik tulemus, mis vihastab kliente. [3]

Vaata ka

Viited

  1. ↑ Bennett, Oliver. Cultural pessimism. Edinburgh university press. 2001.
  2. ↑ Dienstag 2009, p. 22
  3. ↑ Bibas, Stephanos (2004). Plea Bargaining outside the Shadow of Trial. Harvard Law Review. Lk 2463-2547.

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