Macau poolsaar

Macau poolsaar satelliidifotol (ülal keskel)
Macau poolsaar (ülal)
1889. aastast pärinev kaart

Macau poolsaar (hiina keeles 澳门半岛 / 澳門半島 (Aōmén Bàndǎo; kantoni hääldus Ou3 mun2 Bun3 dou2 portugali keeles Península de Macau) on poolsaar Hiina Rahvavabariigi Macau erihalduspiirkonnas Zhu Jiangi delta lääneosas Zhu Jiangi estuaari (idas) ja Xi Jiangi (läänes) vahel. Kirdes eraldab Macau poolsaart Guangdongi provintsist 200 m laiune maakitsus. Macau poolsaar ja Zhuhai Shi keskus paiknevad Zhongshani saarel (varem Xiangshani saar), mida ümbritsevad Zhuhai Shi harujõed.

Kuni 17. sajandini oli see 2,78 km² suurune saar. Zhu Jiangi muda akumuleerumise tõttu põhiliselt põhjaosas on see kasvanud ja muutunud poolsaareks.

Poolsaare pindala on 2010. aasta andmetel 9,3 km². 20. sajandi alguses oli poolsaare pindala 3,2 km². Pindala on muutunud nii:

  • 1912: 3,4 km²
  • 1936: 5,2 km²
  • 1957: 5,5 km²
  • 1986: 5,8 km²
  • 1991: 6,5 km²
  • 1996: 7,7 km²
  • 1999: 7,8 km²
  • 2000: 8,5 km²
  • 2002: 8,5 km²
  • 2003: 8,7 km²
  • 2004: 8,8 km²
  • 2005: 8,9 km²

Poolsaare pikkus (Portas do Cercost kirdes kuni Barrani (媽閣嘴) edelas) on 4 km, laius 1,8 km.[viide?]

Keskmine kõrgus merepinnast on 50...75 m. Kõrgeim tipp on Guia mägi (松山, 93 m), millel on Guia kindlus. Algsel saarel on arvukalt teisigi järske mägesid. Jõemudast hiljuti tekkinud rannikualad on tasased.

Poolsaare lõunaosas on tehisjärved Sai Vani järv ja Nam Vani järv.

Poolsaarel on 388 600 elaniku (73,3% Macau rahvastikust), see on Macau kõige tihedamalt asustatud piirkond.

Poolsaarel paiknevad Macau põhilised haldusorganid.

Macau poolsaar moodustas kuni 1999. aastani, mil Macau Hiinale üle läks, Macau valla. See jagunes viieks omavalitsuseta kihelkonnaks:

Nossa Senhora de Fátima kihelkond
(Freguesia de Nossa Senhora de Fátima)
花地瑪堂區
Santo António kihelkond
(Freguesia de Santo António)
聖安多尼堂區 ehk 花王堂區
São Lázaro kihelkond
(Freguesia de São Lázaro)
望德堂區
Sé kihelkond
(Freguesia da Sé) 大堂區
São Lourenço kihelkond
(Freguesia de São Lourenço)
風順堂區 ehk 聖老愣佐堂區
4,7 km pikkune Amizade sild (Sõpruse sild) ühendab Macau poolsaart (vasakul) Taipa saarega (paremal). Panoraamvaade.

Poolsaare kirdeotsas on värav Portas de Cerco, mille kõrval on Portas de Cerco piiripunkt, mille kaudu pääseb Mandri-Hiinasse. Lõunas ühendavad poolsaart Taipa saarega Amizade sild, Governador Nobre de Carvalho sild ja Sai Vani sild. Poolsaarel on Sisesadam (內港) läänes, kuhu portugallased olevat kõigepealt jõudnud, ja Välissadam (外港) idas. Idas on ka Hongkongi-Macau parvlaevaterminal.

Macau poolsaarele on koondunud suurem osa Macau tööstusest ja põhilised teenused.

Macau saarel elasid hiinlased juba 4000–6000 aastat tagasi. 13. sajandil asus sinna elama arvukalt hiinlasi. Mingi dünastia ajal asus Macaule arvukalt Guangzhou ja Fujiani kalureid, kellelt pärineb ka A-Má tempel. Portugallased saabusid 1554 või 1557. Nad rajasid Euroopa kaubakontori Hiinas ning rajasid linna Cidade do Santo Nome de Deus de Macau.

1999. aastal läks Macau üle Hiina Rahvavabariigile.

Macau vanalinn, mis asetseb tervikuna Macau poolsaarel, võeti 2005 UNESCO maailmapärandi nimistusse. Poolsaarel on Macau Teaduskeskus ja Kun Iam Tongi tempel.

Macau peamised kultuuriasutused on Macau territooriumil.

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