Juvenalis

Illustratsioon raamatust "The Satires of Decimus Junius Juvenalis: And of Aulus Persius Flaccus", 4. trükk (London 1711)

Decimus Junius Juvenalis (u 60 – pärast 127) oli Vana-Rooma luuletaja, keda hinnatakse eelkõige säravalt vaimuka satiiri pärast, mis oli suunatud muistse Rooma vastu.

Elukäik

Juvenalis sündis jõukas peres ning sai hea hariduse. Ta pärines Lõuna-Itaalia linnast Aquinumist. Rooma elama asudes õpetas ta avalikku kõnepidamist. Lühikest aega teenis ta tõenäoliselt ka Rooma sõjaväes.

Juvenalise nooruses olid Roomas teiste seas võimul keisrid Nero ja Domitianus. Nad mõlemad olid julmad ja karmid valitsejad. Domitianuse valitsusajal sai ka Juvenalis karistada, tõenäoliselt keisri kritiseerimise eest avalikul esinemisel. Ebaõiglane karistus ning valitsuses lokkav korruptsioon tegid Juvenalise väga tigedaks. Ta tundis, et Rooma ühiskonna traditsioonilisi väärtusi ignoreeritakse ning et ülemklass hoolib vaid luksuslikust elust, mitte ei hoolitse vaesemate inimeste eest.

Alles palju aastaid pärast Domitianuse surma söandas Juvenalis tulla välja oma satiiriliste teostega.

Looming

Kirjanduse alale asus Juvenalis alles küpses eas. Juvenalis kirjutas 16 heksameetrilist värss-satiiri, need on koondatud viide raamatusse ja avaldatud umbkaudu aastail 110–127. Oma loomingus on ta eeskätt kirglik kombelanguse ja linnaelu pahede sarjaja. Tema ideaaliks on "vanale heale" aristokraatlikule Roomale omistatud väärtused (kasinus, lihtsus, vaprus jms), mis nüüd on langenud. Kogu Juvenalise loomingut läbivad polaarsed hea ja halva vastandused.

Oma üksikasjaliste olukirjeldustega on ta parimaid allikaid tollase Rooma argielu kohta. Juvenalise satiiridest on pärit mitmed mõtteterad ja ütlemised ("leiba ja tsirkust", "terves kehas terve vaim" jne).

Eesti keeles on Juvenaliselt ilmunud 1. ja 3. satiir ("Rooma kirjanduse antoloogia", 1971, tlk August Sang).

Isiklikku

Ta pidas gladiaatoreid koledaks.[1]

Kirjandus

  • Maailmakirjanduse leksikon: 1000 kirjanikku, 10 000 teost. Tallinn, TEA Kirjastus, c2012, lk 318
  • Rooma kirjanduse antoloogia. Tallinn, Varrak, 2009, lk 482–483
  • Rooma kirjanduse antoloogia. Tallinn, Eesti Raamat, 1971, lk 496–506 (satiirid), 660–661 (kommentaarid)

Viited

  1. ↑ Christensen, Else (1. aprill 2023). "Prostituut, maailma peaaegu vanim elukutse". Imeline Ajalugu. Vaadatud 9. mail 2023.

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