Óxido de plata

 
Óxido de plata

Modelo de bolas y palos del óxido de plata.

Apariencia del óxido de plata.
General
Fórmula semidesarrollada Ag2O
Fórmula molecular ?
Identificadores
Número CAS 20667-12-3[1]
ChemSpider 7970393
UNII 897WUN6G6T
Propiedades físicas
Apariencia Cristales cúbicos negros o cafés oscuros
Densidad 7140 kg/; 7,14 g/cm³
Masa molar 231,735 g/mol
Punto de fusión 550 K (277 °C)
Estructura cristalina cúbico
Propiedades químicas
Solubilidad en agua 0.000025 g/ml[2]
Solubilidad Soluble en ácido y álcali.
Insoluble en alcohol y etanol.[2]
Producto de solubilidad 1.52 × 10-8 (20 °C)
Termoquímica
ΔfH0sólido -31.1 kJ/mol
Capacidad calorífica (C) 65.9[3]
Valores en el SI y en condiciones estándar
(25 y 1 atm), salvo que se indique lo contrario.

El óxido de plata (I) es el compuesto químico de la fórmula Ag2O. Es un fino polvo negro o café oscuro, usado para preparar otros compuestos de plata.

Preparación

Óxido de plata(I) producido al reaccionar hidróxido de litio con una solución muy diluida de nitrato de plata

El óxido de plata está disponible comercialmente. Puede prepararse fácilmente combinando disoluciones acuosas de nitrato de plata y un hidróxido alcalino.[4]​ Cabe destacar el hecho de que esta reacción no aporta una cantidad apreciable de hidróxido de plata debido a la siguiente reacción energéticamente favorable:[5]

2 AgOH → Ag2O + H2O (pK = 2.875[6]​)

Estructura y propiedades

Al igual que la mayoría de los óxidos binarios, el Ag2O es un polímero tridimensional con un enlace covalente uniendo el metal con el óxido. Es isoestructural con el Cu2O, es decir que comparten la misma estructura, por lo cual se espera que el Ag2O sea insoluble en todos los solventes,[7]​ excepto mediante una reacción. Además es evidente que es soluble en soluciones acuosas debido a la formación del ion Ag(OH)2 y posiblemente se relaciona con productos de hidrólisis.[8]​ Se disuelve en una solución de hidróxido de amonio produciendo derivados solubles.

Un compuesto acuoso de Ag2O es inmediatamente atacada por ácidos:

Ag2O + 2 HX → 2 AgX + H2O

Donde HX es igual a HF, HCl, HBr, HI o HO2CCF3. También reacciona con soluciones de cloruros alcalinos para precipitar cloruro de plata, dejando una solución al correspondiente hidróxido alcalino.[9][8]​ El óxido de plata es fotosensible, y se descompone a temperaturas por encima de 280 °C.[7]

Aplicaciones

Comercialmente, el óxido de plata se usa en las baterías de óxido de plata. En química orgánica es usado como un leve agente oxidante, por ejemplo, oxida aldehídos en ácidos carboxílicos. Tales reacciones con frecuencia funcionan mejor si el óxido de plata es preparado in situ a partir de nitrato de plata e hidróxido alcalino.

Referencias

  1. Número CAS
  2. a b Lide, David R. (1998). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87 edición). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. pp. 4–83. ISBN 0-8493-0594-2. 
  3. Lide, David R. (1998). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87 edición). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. pp. 5–5. ISBN 0-8493-0594-2. 
  4. Janssen, D. E.; Wilson, C. V. (1963). "4-Iodoveratrole". Org. Synth.; Coll. Vol. 4: 547. 
  5. Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. "Inorganic Chemistry" Academic Press: San Diego, 2001. ISBN 0-12-352651-5.
  6. Biedermann, George; Sillén, Lars Gunnar (1960). «Studies on the Hydrolysis of Metal Ions. Part 30. A Critical Survey of the Solubility Equilibria of Ag2O». Acta Chemica Scandinavica 14: 717. doi:10.3891/acta.chem.scand.14-0717. 
  7. a b Merck Index of Chemicals and Drugs Archivado el 1 de febrero de 2009 en Wayback Machine., 14th ed. monograph 8521
  8. a b Cotton, F. Albert; Wilkinson, Geoffrey (1966). Advanced Inorganic Chemistry (2nd Ed.). New York:Interscience. p. 1042. 
  9. General Chemistry by Linus Pauling, 1970 Dover ed. p703-704

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