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Las Conferencias Gifford ( /ˈgɪfərd/) son una serie anual de conferencias que fueron establecidas en 1887 por el testamento de Adam Gifford, Lord Gifford. Su propósito es "promover y difundir el estudio de la teología natural en el sentido más amplio del término, es decir, el "conocimiento de Dios". Una cita para dar conferencias Gifford es uno de los honores más prestigiosos en la academia escocesa. Las conferencias se imparten en varias universidades Escocesas: Universidad de St Andrews, Universidad de Glasgow, Universidad de Aberdeen y Universidad de Edimburgo.

Los calendarios universitarios registran que en las cuatro universidades escocesas, las Gifford Lectures serán "públicas y populares, abiertas no solo a los estudiantes de la universidad, sino a toda la comunidad^[1]) y sin matrícula. Además de una audiencia general, el profesor podrá formar una clase especial de alumnos para el estudio de la materia, que se realizará en la forma habitual, y se probará mediante examen y tesis, escritos y orales”.^[2] En 1889, los asistentes a las Conferencias Gifford en la Universidad de St Andrews fueron descritos como "mixtos" e incluían tanto mujeres como hombres miembros del Pregrado.^[3]

Las conferencias normalmente se presentan como una serie durante un año académico y se dan con la intención de que el contenido editado se publique en forma de libro. Varias de estas obras se han convertido en clásicos en los campos de la teología o la filosofía y la Relación entre ciencia y religión.

La primera mujer nombrada fue Hannah Arendt, quien presentó en Aberdeen entre 1972 y 1974.^[4]

Una serie de conferencias comparables son las John Locke Lectures, que se imparten anualmente en la Universidad de Oxford.

Lista de conferencias

Aberdeen

1888-91 E.B. Tylor The Natural History of Religion
1896–98 James Ward Naturalism and Agnosticism
1898–00 Josiah Royce The World and the Individual
1904–06 James Adam The Religious Teachers of Greece
1907–08 Hans Driesch The Science and Philosophy of the Organism
1911–13 Andrew Seth Pringle-Pattison The Idea of God in the light of Recent Philosophy
1914–15 William Ritchie Sorley Moral Values and the Idea of God
1930–32 Etienne Gilson The Spirit of Medieval Philosophy
1936–38 Karl Barth The Knowledge of God and the Service of God according to the Teaching of the Reformation
1939–40 Arthur Darby Nock Hellenistic Religion - The Two Phases
1949–50 Gabriel Marcel The Mystery of Being ISBN 1-890318-85-X, Faith and Reality ISBN 1-890318-86-8
1951–52 Michael Polanyi Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post-Critical Philosophy, ISBN 0-226-67288-3
1953–54 Paul Tillich Systematic Theology (3 vols.): ISBN 0-226-80337-6, ISBN 0-226-80338-4, ISBN 0-226-80339-2
1963, 1965 Alister Hardy The Living Stream, The Divine Flame
1965–1967 Raymond Aron La Conscience historique dans la pensée et dans l'action
1973 Hannah Arendt Life of the Mind
1982–84 Richard Swinburne The Evolution of the Soul, ISBN 0-19-823698-0
1984–85 Freeman Dyson Infinite In All Directions, ISBN 0-06-072889-2
1989–91 Ian Barbour Religion in an Age of Science, ISBN 0-06-060383-6
1992–93 Jaroslav Pelikan Christianity and Classical Culture: The Metamorphosis of Natural Theology in the Christian Encounter With Hellenism, ISBN 0-300-06255-9
1994–95 John W. Rogerson Faith and Criticism in the Work of William Robertson Smith, 1846-1894
1994–95 M. A. Stewart New Light and Enlightenment
1994–95 Peter Jones Science and Religion before and after Hume
1994–95 James H. Burns The Order of Nature
1994–95 Alexander Broadie The Shadow of Scotus
1997–98 Russell Stannard The God Experiment
2000–01 John S. Habgood The Concept of Nature
2003–04 John Haldane Mind, Soul and Deity
2003 Eleonore Stump Wandering in the Darkness
2007 Stephen Pattison Seeing Things: Deepening Relations with Visual Artefacts, ISBN 978-0-334-04149-8
2009 Alister McGrath A Fine-Tuned Universe: The Quest for God in Science and Theology, ISBN 978-0-664-23310-5
2012 Sarah Coakley Sacrifice Regained: Evolution, Cooperation and God
2014 David N. Livingstone Dealing with Darwin: Place, Politics and Rhetoric in Religious Engagements with Evolution, ISBN 978-1-421-41326-6
2016 Mona Siddiqui Struggle, Suffering and Hope: Explorations in Islamic and Christian Traditions, ISBN 978-1-316-51854-0
2017 David Novak Athens and Jerusalem: God, Humans, and Nature, ISBN 978-1-487-50617-9
2018 N. T. Wright Discerning the Dawn: History, Eschatology and New Creation, published as History and Eschatology: Jesus and the Promise of Natural Theology, 2019, ISBN 978-1-4813-0962-2

Edimburgo

1891 George Gabriel Stokes Natural Theology
1896–98 Cornelis Tiele On the Elements of the Science of Religion, ISBN 0-404-60480-3
1900–02 William James The Varieties of Religious Experience, ISBN 0-679-64011-8 (several editions in print)
1909–10 William Warde Fowler The Religious Experience of the Roman People, ISBN 0-8154-0372-0
1911–12 Bernard Bosanquet The Principle of Individuality and Value, ISBN 0-527-10036-6
1913–14 Henri Bergson The Problem of Personality
1915–16 William Mitchell Ramsay Asianic Elements in Greek Civilization, ISBN 0-89005-173-9
1919–21 George Stout Mind and Matter pub. 1931
1921–23 Andrew Seth Pringle-Pattison Studies in the Philosophy of Religion, ISBN 0-404-60474-9
1923–25 James George Frazer The Worship of Nature ISBN 1-56459-532-3
1926–27 Arthur Eddington The Nature of the Physical World, ISBN 0-472-06015-5
1927–28 Alfred North Whitehead Process and Reality: An Essay in Cosmology, ISBN 0-02-934570-7
1928–29 John Dewey The Quest for Certainty: A Study of the Relation of Knowledge and Action, ISBN 1-4179-0845-9
1934–35 Albert Schweitzer The Problem of Natural Theology and Natural Ethics (unpublished)
1937–38 Charles Sherrington Man on His Nature, ISBN 0-521-06436-8
1938–40 Reinhold Niebuhr The Nature and Destiny of Man: A Christian Interpretation , (2 vol set): ISBN 0-664-25709-7
1947–49 Christopher Dawson part 1:Religion and Culture ISBN 0-404-60498-6 part 2: Religion and the Rise of Western Culture (1950) ISBN 0-385-42110-9
1949–50 Niels Bohr Causality and Complementarity: Epistemological Lessons of Studies in Atomic Physics, ISBN 1-881987-14-0
1950–52 Charles Earle Raven Natural Religion and Christian Theology
1952–53 Arnold J. Toynbee An Historian's Approach to Religion, ISBN 0-19-215260-2
1954–55 Rudolf Bultmann History and Eschatology: The Presence of Eternity, ISBN 0-8371-8123-2
1961–62 John Baillie The Sense of the Presence of God
1970-71 Eric Lionel Mascall "The Openness of Being", ISBN 0-232-51159-4
1973–74 Owen Chadwick The Secularisation of the European Mind in the 19th Century, ISBN 0-521-39829-0
1974–76 Stanley Jaki The Road of Science and the Ways to God, ISBN 0-226-39145-0
1978–79 Sir John Eccles The Human Mystery, The Human Psyche, ISBN 0-387-09954-9
1979–80 Ninian Smart "The Varieties of Religious Identity", published as Beyond Ideology: Religion and the Future of Western Civilisation, ISBN 0-06-067402-4
1980–81 Seyyed Hossein Nasr Knowledge and the Sacred, ISBN 0-7914-0177-4
1981–82 Iris Murdoch Metaphysics as a Guide to Morals, ISBN 0-14-017232-7
1983–84 David Daiches God and the Poets, ISBN 0-19-812825-8
1984–85 Jurgen Moltmann God in Creation: A New Theology of Creation and the Spirit of God, ISBN 0-8006-2823-3
1985–86 Paul Ricoeur "Oneself as another", ISBN 0-226-71329-6
1986–87 John Hick An Interpretation of Religion, (2nd ed.): ISBN 0-300-10668-8
1987–88 Alasdair MacIntyre Three Rival Versions of Moral Enquiry: ISBN 0-7156-2337-0
1988–89 Raimon Panikkar Trinity and Theism: ISBN 978-1-57075-855-3
1989–90 Mary Douglas Claims on God: published (much revised) as In the Wilderness: ISBN 1-85075-444-6
1991–92 Annemarie Schimmel Deciphering the Signs of God: A Phenomenological Approach to Islam: ISBN 978-0791419823
1992-3 Martha C. Nussbaum, "Upheavals of Thought: A Theory of the Emotions," published 2001 Cambridge University Press.
1993–94 John Polkinghorne Science and Christian Belief: Theological Reflections of a Bottom-up Thinker, ISBN 0-281-04714-6
1995–96 G. A. Cohen If you're an Egalitarian, how come you're so Rich?, published by Harvard University Press under the same title: ISBN 0-674-00693-3
1996–97 Richard Sorabji Emotions and How to Cope with Them, published as Emotion and Peace of Mind: From Stoic Agitation to Christian Temptation, ISBN 0-19-825005-3
1997–98 Holmes Rolston III Genes, Genesis and God, ISBN 0-521-64674-X
1998–99 Charles Taylor, Living in a Secular Age, published as A Secular Age: ISBN 0-674-02676-4
1999–2000 David Tracy This side of God
2000–01 Onora O'Neill Autonomy and Trust in Bioethics
2001–02 Mohammed Arkoun Inaugurating a Critique of Islamic Reason
2002–03 Michael Ignatieff The Lesser Evil: Political Ethics in an Age of Terror, ISBN 0-691-11751-9
2003–04 J. Wentzel van Huyssteen Alone in the World? Human Uniqueness in Science and Theology, ISBN 0-8028-3246-6
2004–05 Dame Margaret Anstee, Stephen Toulmin, and Noam Chomsky, delivering a series of lectures dedicated to Edward Said who was scheduled to give the 2004–05 series before his death in 2003.
2005–06 Jean Bethke Elshtain Sovereign God, Sovereign State, Sovereign Self
2006–07 Simon Conway Morris Darwin 's Compass: How Evolution Discovers the Song of Creation and Jonathan Riley-Smith The Crusades and Christianity
2007–08 Alexander Nehamas "Because it was he, because it was I": Friendship and Its Place in Life
2008 Robert M. Veatch, Hipprocratic, Religious and Secular Medical Ethics: The Point of Conflict
2008–09 Diana Eck The Age of Pluralism [April–May 2009]
2009–10 Michael Gazzaniga Mental Life [October 2009]
2009–10 Terry Eagleton The God Debate [March 2010]
2010–11 Professor Peter Harrison Science, Religion and the Modern World, published as The Territories of Science and Religion ISBN 978-0226184487
2010–11 Rt Hon Gordon Brown The Future of Jobs and Justice
2011–12 Lord Sutherland of Houndwood David Hume and Civil Society
2011–12 Professor Diarmaid MacCulloch Silence in Christian History: the witness of Holmes' Dog. In 2012 the Gifford Lectures also supported a one-off joint lecture between the Royal Society of Edinburgh and the University of Edinburgh School of Informatics, Jim Al-Khalili Alan Turing: Legacy of a Code Breaker
2012–13 Bruno Latour "Once Out of Nature" - Natural Religion as a Pleonasm
2012–13 Steven Pinker, The Better Angels of Our Nature: A History of Violence and Humanity^[5]
2013–14 Baroness Onora O'Neill From Toleration to Freedom of Expression
2013–14 Lord Rowan Williams of Oystermouth Making representations: religious faith and the habits of language
2013–14 Justice Catherine O'Regan "What is Caesar's?" Adjudicating faith in modern constitutional democracies
2014–15 Professor Jeremy Waldron One Another's Equals: The Basis of Human Equality
2014–15 Professor Helga Nowotny Beyond Innovation. Temporalities. Re-use. Emergence.
2015–16 Kathryn Tanner Christianity and the New Spirit of Capitalism
2016–17 Professor Richard English Nationalism, Terrorism and Religion
2016–17 Professor Jeffrey Stout Religion Unbound: Ideals and Powers from Cicero to King
2017–18 Professor Dr Agustín Fuentes Why We Believe: evolution, making meaning, and the development of human natures
2017–18 Professor Elaine Howard Ecklund Science and Religion in Global Public Life
2018–19 Professor Mary Beard The Ancient World and Us: From Fear and Loathing to Enlightenment and Ethics
2019–20 Professor Michael Welker In God's Image: Anthropology

Glasgow

1888–92 Friedrich Max Müller 1888: Natural Religion vol. 1 & 2; 1890: Physical Religion; 1891: Anthropological Religion: 1892: Theosophy or Psychological Religion
1892–96 John Caird The Fundamental Ideas of Christianity Vol.1&2
1896–98 Alexander Balmain Bruce The Moral Order of the World, The Providential Order of the World
1910-12 John Watson The Interpretation of Religious Experience
1914 Arthur Balfour Theism and Humanism ISBN 1-58742-005-8
1916–18 Samuel Alexander Space, Time, and Deity, volume one: ISBN 0-7661-8701-2, volume two: ISBN 0-7661-8702-0
1922 Arthur Balfour Theism and Thought
1927–28 J. S. Haldane The Sciences and Philosophy, ISBN 0-404-60479-X
1932–34 William Temple Nature, Man and God
1952–54 John Macmurray The Form of the Personal vol 1: The Self as Agent ISBN 1-57392-337-0 vol 2: Persons in Relation ISBN 1-57392-625-6
1959 Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker The Relevance of Science
1965 Herbert Butterfield Historical Writing and Christian Beliefs and Human Beliefs and the Development of Historical Writing^[6]
1970 Richard William Southern The Rise and Fall of the Medieval System of Religious Thought
1974-76 Basil Mitchell Morality, Religious and Secular
1981 Stephen R. L. Clark From Athens to Jerusalem
1985 Carl Sagan The Search for Who We Are, published in 2006 as The Varieties of Scientific Experience: A Personal View of the Search for God, ISBN 1-59420-107-2
1986 Donald M. MacKay Behind the Eye^[7]
1988 Don Cupitt Nature and Culture
1988 Richard Dawkins Worlds in Microcosm
1992 Mary Warnock Imagination and Understanding, published as Imagination and Time, ISBN 0-631-19019-8
1993–94 Keith Ward Religion and Revelation ISBN 978-0-19-826375-3
1995–96 Geoffrey Cantor and John Hedley Brooke Reconstructing Nature
1997–98 R. J. Berry Gods, Genes, Greens and Everything
1999–00 Ralph McInerny Characters in Search of Their Author
2001 Brian Hebblethwaite, George Lakoff, Lynne Baker, Michael Ruse & Philip Johnson-Laird The Nature and Limits of Human Understanding
2003–04 Simon Blackburn Reason's Empire
2005 Lenn Goodman, Abdulaziz Sachedina, John E. Hare, Thou Shall Love Thy Neighbor as Thyself
2007–08 David Fergusson Religion and Its Recent Critics published as Faith and Its Critics: A Conversation, ISBN 978-0-19-956938-0
2008–09 Charles Taylor The Necessity of Secularist Regimes [May 2009]
2009–10 Gianni Vattimo The End of Reality
2012 Vilayanur Ramachandran Body and Mind: Insights from Neuroscience
2014 Jean-Luc Marion Givenness and Revelation
2015 Perry Schmidt-leukel Interreligious Theology: The Future Shape of Theology
2016 Sean M. Carroll The Big Picture: On the Origins of Life, Meaning, and the Universe Itself
2018 Judith Butler My Life, Your Life: Equality and the Philosophy of Non-Violence
2019 Mark Pagel Wired for Culture: The Origins of the Human Social Mind, or Why Humans Occupied the World

San Andrés

1889-90 Andrew Lang The Making of Religion^[8]
1894–96 Lewis Campbell Religion in Greek Literature
1902–04 Richard Haldane The Pathway to Reality, ISBN 0-404-60459-5
1917–18 William R. Inge The Philosophy of Plotinus, ISBN 1-59244-284-6
1919–20 Lewis Richard Farnell Greek Hero Cults and Ideas of Immortality
1921–22 C. Lloyd Morgan Emergent Evolution (1923) ISBN 0-404-60468-4, and Life, Mind, and Spirit (1925)
1926-28 Alfred Edward Taylor "The faith of a moralist, The Theological Implications of Morality; Natural Theology and the Positive Religions" (1930)
1929-30 Charles Gore The Philosophy of the Good Life (1930)
1936–37 Werner Jaeger The Theology of the Early Greek Philosophers (1936)
1953-55 C. A. Campbell On Selfhood and Godhood
1955–56 Werner Heisenberg Physics and Philosophy: The Revolution in Modern Science, ISBN 1-57392-694-9
1959–60 Georg Henrik von Wright Norm and Action (1963)^[9] and The Varieties of Goodness (1963)^[10]
1962–64 Henry Chadwick Authority in the Early Church
1964–66 John Findlay The Discipline of the Cave (1966), and The Transcendence of the Cave (1967) ISBN 978-0-04-111002-9
1967–69 Robert Charles Zaehner Concordant Discord. The Interdependence of Faiths. Oxford: Clarendon Press 1970.
1972–73 Alfred Ayer The Central Questions of Philosophy, ISBN 0-03-013116-2
1975–77 Reijer Hooykaas Fact, Faith and Fiction in the Development of Science
1977–78 David Stafford-Clark Myth, Magic and Denial
1979-80 Frederick Copleston ‘Religion and the One: Philosophies East and West’
1980–81 Gregory Vlastos Socrates: Ironist and Moral Philosopher
1982–83 Donald Geoffrey Charlton New Images of the Natural, 1750-1800
1983–84 John Macquarrie In Search of Deity
1984–85 Adolf Grunbaum Psychoanalytic Theory and Science
1986–87 Antony Flew The Logic of Mortality
1988–89 Walter Burkert Tracks of Biology and the Creation of Sense
1990–91 Hilary Putnam Renewing Philosophy
1992–93 Roger Penrose The Question of Physical Reality
1992–93 Arthur Peacocke Nature, God and Humanity
1995 Nicholas Wolterstorff Thomas Reid and the Story of Epistemology
1996–97 Michael Dummett Thought and Reality
1999 Robert Merrihew Adams God and Being
1999 Marilyn McCord Adams The Coherence of Christology
2001–02 Stanley Hauerwas With the Grain of the Universe: The Church's Witness and Natural Theology, ISBN 1-58743-016-9
2002–03 Peter van Inwagen The Problem of Evil, ISBN 978-0-19-954397-7
2004–05 Alvin Plantinga Science and Religion: Conflict or Concord
2007 Martin Rees 21st Century Science: Cosmic Perspective and Terrestrial Challenges
2010 Roger Scruton The Face of God
2012 Denis Alexander Genes, Determinism and God
2015 Linda Zagzebski Exemplarist Virtue Theory published as Exemplarist Moral Theory ISBN 978-0-19-065584-6
2017 Michael Rea Though the Darkness Hide Thee: Seeking the Face of the Invisible God
2019 Mark Johnston Ontotheology as Antidote for Idolatry
2021 Oliver O'Donovan^[11]

Apoyo de Templeton Religion Trust

Establecidos a instancias de John Templeton, las Conferencias Gifford sitio web fueron diseñadas para aumentar el impacto estratégico del programa Gifford. Desarrollado y administrado por Templeton Press hasta mayo de 2021, el sitio web ahora se administra a través de una subvención de Templeton Religion Trust.

Referencias

↑ «100 Years of Lectures on Natural Theology - Lord Adam Gifford’s Will TRUST DISPOSITION and SETTLEMENT of the late Adam Gifford, sometime one of the Senators of the College of Justice, Scotland, dated 21st August 1885.». The Gifford Lectures. Consultado el 16 de abril de 2022. «Yo [Lord Adam Gifford] sugiero que la tarifa debe ser tan pequeña como sea consistente con la debida gestión de las cátedras y la debida apreciación de las conferencias. Además de una audiencia general y popular, aconsejo que los disertantes también tengan una clase especial de estudiantes conducidos de la manera habitual e instruidos mediante exámenes y tesis, escritos y orales.»
↑ The St. Andrews University Calendar for the Year 1922. University of St Andrews. 1922. p. 46. «...las conferencias han de ser públicas y populares, abiertas no sólo a los estudiantes de la universidad, sino a toda la comunidad sin matricularse... Además de una audiencia general, el Profesor podrá formar una clase especial de estudiantes para el estudio de la materia, que se llevará a cabo en la forma habitual, y se probará mediante examen y tesis, escritos y orales.»
↑ Hutchinson -Boyd, A. (1892). 25 Years At St Andrews. p. 324-26. Consultado el 14 de febrero de 2022. «Nuestro primer profesor de Gifford [en la Universidad de St Andrews - Andrew Lang] - ...una gran audiencia mixta, hombres y mujeres, estudiantes universitarios y adultos y gente mayor...»
↑ Addison, Sam (n.d.). «Home :: Lecturers & Authors :: Hannah Arendt». The Gifford Lectures. Archivado desde el original el 15 de febrero de 2020. Consultado el 25 de febrero de 2021. «Arendt, the first female Gifford Lecturer, delivered her lectures in Aberdeen between 1972 and 1974.»
↑ «2012-13 Gifford Lecture». Professor Steven Pinker: "The Better Angels of Our Nature: A History of Violence and Humanity". University of Edinburgh College of Humanities and Social Science website. Consultado el 4 de agosto de 2013.
↑ «Herbert Butterfield». The Gifford Lectures. 18 de agosto de 2014. Archivado desde el original el 20 de octubre de 2020. Consultado el 15 de junio de 2019.
↑ «Gifford Lectures website entry; retrieved: 2013-08-04». Archivado desde el original el 23 de septiembre de 2013. Consultado el 24 de julio de 2022.
↑ Kahan, D. «The Gifford Lectures». The Gifford Lectures. Consultado el 31 de enero de 2022. «Andrew Lang - The Making of Religion - 1889 to 1890 University of St. Andrews».
↑ «Norm and Action». The Gifford Lectures. 18 de agosto de 2014. Consultado el 15 de junio de 2019.
↑ «Gifford Lecture Series - Books». 21 de junio de 2008. Archivado desde el original el 21 de junio de 2008. Consultado el 15 de junio de 2019.
↑ «Gifford lectures 2021». The St Andrews Gifford Lectures (en inglés británico). 16 de septiembre de 2021. Consultado el 28 de octubre de 2021.

Bibliografía

Stanley Jaki, Lord Gifford y sus conferencias: una retrospectiva del centenario (1987). Prensa académica escocesa, ISBN 0-7073-0465-2.
Larry Witham, La medida de Dios: Nuestra lucha centenaria para reconciliar la ciencia y la religión (2005), HarperSanFrancisco tapa dura: ISBN 0-06-059191-9; reimpreso como "La medida de Dios: las mentes más grandes de la historia luchan con la reconciliación de la ciencia y la religión" (2006), tapa blanda: ISBN 0-06-085833-8.