Zhemchug Canyon

"Zhemchug" redirects here. For the ship, see Russian cruiser Zhemchug. For the grape known as Yurskii Zhemchug, see Poulsard.

Bering Sea aerial view, showing Zhemchug Canyon in the center

Zhemchug Canyon (from the Russian жемчуг, "pearl") is an underwater canyon located in the Bering Sea between the Siberian and Alaskan coastlines.  It is the deepest submarine canyon in the world with a vertical relief of 8,530 feet (2,600 meters) and a length of 99 miles (160 kilometers).  The submarine canyon is renowned for its extraordinary size, hosting a unique marine environment because of its substantial size.   It forms a significant portion of the Bering Sea’s ecosystem, contributing to its biological productivity and natural habitat for a diverse range of marine species.

Geography

The Zhemchug Canyon is located in the middle of the Bering Sea, between Siberia and Alaska. It has a vertical relief of 8,530 feet or 2,600 meters dropping from the shallow shelf of the Bering Sea to the depths of the Aleutian Basin^[1] and a length of 99 miles (160 kilometers). The Zhemchug Canyon is deeper than the Grand Canyon which is 6,093 feet or 1,857 meters deep.^[2] It has two main branches, each larger than typical continental margin canyons such as the Monterey Canyon. What makes the Zhemchug Canyon the world's largest is not only its great depth, but its immense cross-sectional and drainage area (11,350 km²) and volume (5800 km³).^[1]

The canyon holds a distinct hydrographic condition due the canyon’s complex topography.  The Canyon’s structure impacts the local water circulation, and creates an upwelling of nutrient-rich water from the deeper regions of the oceans.  This upwelling is what supports the active marine wildlife observed in the region.  Additionally, the canyon interacts with other major ocean currents, such as the Bering Slope Current which flows along continental slope that brings nutrient rich water from the Arctic.^[3]

In 2016, Michelle Ridgeway explored the canyon piloting an eight-foot submarine in an expedition sponsored by Greenpeace. She reached a shelf at a depth of 1,757 feet or 536 meters, that is, a third of a mile below the surface.^[4]

Ecology

The ecology of the Zhemchug Canyon is holds large biodiversity and complex food webs, supported by the canyon’s unusual physical structure and oceanographic conditions. The canyon’s depth, shape, and nutrient flow support a variety of habitats and marine life across varied ecological niches. 

Phytoplankton and Nutrient Cycling

The Zhemchug Canyon’s rich biodiversity is sustained by the dense population of phytoplankton which thrive on the nutrient rich waters that propelled up by the canyon's contours, a process where the physical shape and structure of a canyon causes nutrient-rich water from deeper regions to surface. The phytoplankton are vital to the ecosystem, as they are the primary producers that convert sunlight and chemical nutrients into organic materials that serve as a food source for the rest of the food chain.  Phytoplankton density in the canyon is significantly higher than surrounding waters due to the canyon water circulation that bring nutrients from the deep seafloor.^[5]

Marine Fauna

The phytoplankton population supports a large population of zooplankton, which in turn are a key food source for a variety of fish species.  The Zhemchug hosts both pelagic and demersal fish such as the Aleutian Flounder, Bering Skate, and Pacific Cod.  These fish find food from the canyon and use the canyon’s topography for shelter and spawning, which are critical for their life cycles

Species adapted to the colder and high-pressure environment live in the deeper regions of the canyon. Deep-sea sharks and cephalopods, such as the Giant Pacific Octopus, are found often along canyon walls.^[6]

Marine Mammals and Birds

Mammals are an integral part of the biodiversity found within the Zhemchug Canyon.  Whales, seals and dolphins frequently visit the canyon because of its abundant food supply.  Gray whales use the canyon edges as feeding grounds during migrations, filter feeding through the nutrient rich water for small crustaceans and fish.  Marine mammals such as northern fur seals feed in the canyon as do dolphins and many species of whales. The endangered short-tailed albatross congregates to feed over the surface waters of the canyon. Puffins depend on the sealife in the canyon waters for feeding, especially during breeding seasons when energy requirements are high.^[6]

Deep-Sea Corals and Sponges

One of the most spectacular aspects of the Zhemchug Canyon ecology is the rich community of cold-water corals and sponges.  These are crucial to the health of the deep-sea ecosystem and provide habitat, shelter, and breeding grounds for numerous marine animals.  Habitat-forming invertebrates such as bubblegum coral, bamboo coral, soft corals, Hexactinellid sponges, and other sponges have been identified during trawl surveys in the canyon.  These corals protect organisms from predators and strong currents and provide feeding and reproduction opportunities.^[5]

See also

• Submarine canyons of the Bering Sea
• Bering Sea topics

References

1. Normark, W. R.; Carson, P. R. (2003). "Giant submarine canyons: Is size any clue to their importance in the rock record?" (PDF). In Chan, M. A.; Archer, A. W. (eds.). Extreme Depositional Environments: Mega End Members in Geologic Time. GSA Special Papers. Vol. 370. Boulder, Colorado: the Geological Society of America. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2370-1.175. ISBN 978-0-8137-2370-9. OCLC 52092033. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 January 2009.
2. Kiver, E. P.; Harris, D. V. (1999). Geology of U.S. Parklands (5th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. p. 902. ISBN 978-0-471-33218-3. OCLC 39922059.
3. Schumacher, J. D.; Reed, R. K. (15 June 1992). "Characteristics of currents over the continental slope of the eastern Bering Sea". Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans. 97 (C6): 9423–9433. Bibcode:1992JGR....97.9423S. doi:10.1029/92JC00512. ISSN 0148-0227.
4. Rozell, N. (12 November 2016). "An Alaska researcher made tantalizing discoveries in a massive underwater Bering Sea canyon". Anchorage Daily News. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
5. Santora, Jarrod A.; Zeno, Ramona; Dorman, Jeffrey G.; Sydeman, William J. (15 May 2018). "Submarine canyons represent an essential habitat network for krill hotspots in a Large Marine Ecosystem". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 7579. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.7579S. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-25742-9. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5954138. PMID 29765085.
6. Stump, K.D. Pribilof and Zhemchug Canyon Habitat Conservation Areas: An Updated Review With Implications For Management, Bering Sea Canyons Project Consultant, 20 Mar. 2012.

58.101°N 174.902°W / 58.101; -174.902