Yates High School

Jack Yates High School
Address
Map
3650 Alabama Street

,
77004

United States
Coordinates29°43′22″N 95°21′17″W / 29.7228°N 95.35467°W / 29.7228; -95.35467
Information
TypePublic high school
EstablishedFebruary 8, 1926; 98 years ago (1926-02-08)
School districtHouston Independent School District
PrincipalStephanie Square[1]
Teaching staff51.49 (FTE)[2]
Grades9–12
Enrollment879 (2018–19)[2]
Student to teacher ratio17.07:1[2]
Color(s)Crimson and Gold    
Nickname"Tha Yard"
Team nameLions
Websitehoustonisd.org/yates

Jack Yates Senior High School is a public high school located at 3650 Alabama Street, very near Texas Southern University, in the historic Third Ward in Houston, Texas. Yates High School handles grades nine through twelve and is part of the Houston Independent School District (HISD).

Yates was named after Reverend John Henry "Jack" Yates, a former slave and a minister.[3] Jack Yates and other leading blacks established the Houston Baptist Academy. Within a decade, the success of the school prompted Reverend Yates to reorganize the Houston Baptist Academy as the Houston College, the school offered a special opportunity to the black children of the community who sought an alternative to the Colored High School of the public school system.

Yates has HISD's magnet program for communications: broadcast TV, radio, print, and photography. Yates also houses a maritime studies magnet program.[4]

In 2010, Paul Knight of the Houston Press wrote that "the school remains a symbol of solidarity in the Third Ward."[5]

In June 2016, members of the Jack Yates and HISD communities held a ground-breaking ceremony for the new campus. A $59.4 million campus was completed next to the old campus in summer 2018.[6]

History

Segregation

Baylor College of Medicine Academy at Ryan, formerly Ryan Middle School, exists at the first location of Yates Colored High School
A sign commemorating the school

Yates was established on February 8, 1926, as Yates Colored High School with 17 teachers and 600 students. The school, at 2610 Elgin, was the second school for African-Americans in Houston.[7] At the time schools were segregated on the basis of race.

Previously Houston had only one secondary school for black people, Colored High School. In 1925 the school board stated that it would build a new black high school due to the increasing black population. The Houston Informer stated that the schools need to be named after prominent black people from the city and/or other successful black persons. The new high school was to be named after Jack Yates, a prominent black Houstonian, and the original colored high school was renamed Booker T. Washington High School.[8]

The original Yates High was built from a $4 million (about $69495256.17 when accounting for inflation) bond program, which included $500,000 (about $8686907.02 when accounting for inflation) to renovate 17 existing schools and build new schools. Clifton Richardson, the editor of the Houston Informer, had felt skepticism towards this proposal but ultimately asked Houston's African-Americans to vote for the bond and endorsed it in the Informer. In 1925, HISD originally proposed to have the school built for $100,000 (about $17373814.04 when accounting for inflation), but Richardson opposed this plan, prompting the district to revise the bond.[9] The first principal, James D. Ryan, served from the opening until his death in 1941;[7] William S. Holland became Yates's second principal that year.[10]

In 1927, the Yates building began housing Houston Colored Junior College, later Houston College for Negroes.[9]

In pre-desegregation times middle and upper class black families sent their children to Yates.[11]

By February 1951, Yates had 2,100 students. By that month Jack Yates had an addition that slightly increased student capacity and a remodeling, but the school was still overcrowded as the enlarged facility was designed for 1,600 students. By March 1954 the student body was over 3,000.[12] As a result of the overcrowding the Southern Association of Secondary Schools pulled Yates's accreditation.[13]

In 1955, as a new Allen Elementary School opened in a neighborhood far from its original location, the former Allen campus, in what is now Midtown, became the Yates Annex, a school for black 7th graders. In 1956, the annex was converted into J. Will Jones Elementary School.[14][15]

On January 27, 1958, Worthing High School opened, relieving Yates.[16] Yates moved to its Sampson Street location in September 1958. Yates's former site became Ryan Colored Junior High School (now Ryan Middle School), named after the first principal of Yates.[7] The HISD school board forced Holland to stay at Ryan Middle School instead of moving onto the new Yates, and a petition from the community did not succeed in changing this.[17]

Schools in HISD were named after former principals William S. Holland and James E. Codwell.[7]

Desegregation and post-desegregation

Houston City Hall in Yates' crimson and gold in honor of George Floyd in June 2020

After the 1970 desegregation resulting from the Civil Rights Movement, HISD had established magnet programs and other alternative education programs.[5] Many upper and middle class blacks sent their children to Bellaire High School, Lamar High School, and other schools previously only for Whites;[11] until 1970 HISD counted its Hispanic and Latino students as "white."[12] In addition, many black people moved from the Third Ward to the suburbs.[5] Violence became more common and the facility was defaced with graffiti. William G. Ouchi, author of Making Schools Work: A Revolutionary Plan to Get Your Children the Education They Need, wrote that due to the loss of the middle and upper class students, Yates "fell on hard times."[11]

The Yates photography magnet school program began in fall 1978.[7]

In 1987, a survey at Yates showed that 108 female students were pregnant and 50% of them were having their second pregnancies. In 1989 Chester Smith, the principal, prohibited the school newspaper from publishing a story about a pregnant student.[18]

In the 1990s, superintendent Rod Paige recruited Robert Worthy, who was previously teaching in the Pasadena Independent School District, to revitalize the school. Worthy removed most of the administrators and 60 teachers, making up about half of the faculty, within a two-year period to remove any pre-existing negative cultural influences from Yates. Worthy also established additional Advanced Placement courses and removed a Cleaning and Pressing Program.[11]

In 1997, a geographic area south of Interstate 45 was rezoned from Austin High School to Yates.[19] After the 2000 opening of Chávez High School,[20] portions of the Yates boundary were reassigned to Austin High School.[21]

From 1998 through 2002, the school reported that 99% of students graduating from Yates planned to attend colleges and universities. In response a parent and alumnus of Yates quoted in a 2003 The New York Times article, Larry Blackmon, stated that "Absolutely, positively, no way. You'd get more of an accurate count asking elementary kids if they plan to go to college."[22]

Around 2003, Yates' principal hired several uncertified teachers and substitute teachers, using them to replace experienced but more highly paid teachers who were fired by the principal. In addition around that time Yates had gone without a school library for over a year.[22]

In 2006, Houston mayor Bill White proclaimed February 7 as "Jack Yates Senior High School Day."[23]

In 2007, a Johns Hopkins University study commissioned by the Associated Press cited Yates as a "dropout factory" where at least 40% of the entering freshman class do not make it to their senior year.[24]

In 2008 Ouchi stated that Yates had improved during Worthy's term as principal, citing the "pride" present in the school, the students' compliance with the school uniform policy, and hallways that were "clean enough to eat on".[11]

Yates, along with Sam Houston High School and Kashmere High School, was low-performing in test scores from 2001 to 2004. Because of this problem, there were movements to have the state or another organization take over the schools for a period so the test scores would be at acceptable levels. Yates received an "acceptable" rating from the Texas Education Agency in 2005.[citation needed]

The 2005 enrollment was below 50% of the enrollment 20 years prior.[25] In a 2005 Houston Chronicle article Bill Miller, president of the Yates High School Parent-Teacher-Student Association, criticized the decrease in enrollment. Many students in the Yates High School attendance zone instead chose to attend other high schools. Miller proposed having HISD end its open enrollment policies.[26]

In an e-mail sent in 2010, HISD board member and former Yates student Paula Harris said that she was responsible for having a principal at Yates removed from the school and for having the new principal installed.[27]

In June 2015, Ericka Mellon of the Houston Chronicle wrote that members of the Third Ward community had "concerns about leadership turnover, weak academic performance and safety problems" and were "vocal with its frustrations at Yates".[28]

In May 2015, Donetrus Hill, then the principal of Yates, resigned and took a settlement agreement. Kenneth Davis, who previously served as the principal of Dowling Middle School (now Lawson Middle School) and as a supervisor of HISD middle school principals, became the principal of Yates at that time.[28]

In June 2018, Tiffany Guillory became the principal.[29] In December 2022 HISD administrators placed her on leave.[30] The district leadership did not publicly state why the leave had occurred.[31] Residents in the area stated opposition against a proposal to remove Guillory, and the HISD board of trustees decided to retain her as principal.[32]

In 2023, Stephanie Square became principal.[1]

Served neighborhoods

Several areas inside the 610 Loop that are south of Downtown, including the Third Ward, Timbercrest, University Oaks,[33] Oak Manor, University Woods, Scott Terrace, Lucky 7, South Union, Foster Place, Washington Terrace,[34] MacGregor Place, and LaSalette Place, as well as most of Riverside Terrace, are zoned to Yates.[35]

Cuney Homes, a unit of Houston Housing Authority (HHA) public housing, is zoned to Yates.[36]

In addition, Cambridge Oaks, a university housing complex, is zoned to Yates.[37] Cambridge Oaks houses University of Houston students who have dependent children and is the institution's designated family housing unit.[38]

Campus

The school campus in 1958

The current Yates campus has the Crimson & Gold Café as its cafeteria, and it has eight science laboratories.[39] The campus is located between Texas Southern University and the University of Houston.

In 2012, Richard Connelly of the Houston Press ranked the previous 1958 Yates campus as the second most architecturally beautiful high school campus in Greater Houston. Connelly said that "Some would call this generic, but we like the proud `60s style."[40]

Demographics

In 2018, the school had approximately 900 students. About 90% African-American and 10% Hispanic,[41]

In 2010, the school had about 1,200 students. Most of them were African-American. Of the remainder, 88 were Hispanic, 7 were Asian, and 3 were White.[5]

In the 2015–2016 school year, Yates gained over 110 students who moved from other HISD schools, while 738 high school students previously attending Yates moved to other HISD schools.[42]

Yates had 3,600 students in the mid-1980s.[5] In 2001, by a margin of 700 votes, the student body voted for an Asian American as Mr. Yates, reflecting an increase in non-black students in majority black schools in the Houston area.[43]

School uniform

Students at Yates are required to wear a school uniform.[44] The Texas Education Agency specifies that the parents and/or guardians of students zoned to a school with uniforms may apply for a waiver to opt out of the uniform policy so their children do not have to wear the uniform; parents must specify "bona fide" reasons, such as religious reasons or philosophical objections.[45]

Academics and programs

In 2020, Yates became the fifth HISD high school to become an International Baccalaureate school.[46]

Yates has HISD's magnet program for communications: broadcast TV, radio, print, and photography. Yates also houses a maritime studies magnet program.

Prior to 2015, the school allowed students who missed too many classes to pass a course but otherwise had passing grades to do cleaning work to make up for the absences. HISD asked Yates to change its policy.[47]

Extracurricular activities

Athletics

Yates competes in several sports, but the most prominent and successful sport on campus is boys' basketball.[citation needed] In 1994 Andrew W. Miracle, the author of Lessons of the Locker Room: The Myth of School Sports, wrote that the athletics programs at Yates High School have the same kind of importance in the Third Ward as the athletics programs at rural Texas high schools do for their respective small town and rural communities.[48]

In the segregation era, Yates did not play games against white high schools.[12] It was a part of the Prairie View Interscholastic League, an all-black sports league, from 1940 until 1968. In 1969 the Prairie View League was dissolved and Yates joined the University Interscholastic League (UIL).[49]

In February 2012, Yates was reclassified as a UIL 3A school, down from the 4A level.[50]

Basketball

In 2010, Paul Knight of the Houston Press reported that, "no high school basketball team in the state and perhaps the country has played better than Yates."[51] As of 2010, only two of the players on the basketball team were not from the Third Ward.[5]

In March 2010, Yates' boys basketball team was ranked number one in the nation by USA Today having defeated their opponents by margins of 135, 115, 99 (twice), 98, 90 and 88 points. On January 6, 2010, the basketball team defeated Class 4A District 21 opponent Lee High School (now Wisdom High School) 170–35, setting the state record for points in a game and sparking a debate in the process. Despite a 100-12 halftime lead, the Lions stayed true to their pressing and trapping style, which did not sit well with Lee head coach Jacques Armant.[citation needed]

Jacques Armant, the basketball coach at Lee High, criticized the mass scoring, saying that it could cause violence. ESPN writer Rick Reilly criticized Yates basketball Coach Greg Wise and stated "At the very least, USA Today ought to remove Yates from its national rankings—the school is No. 1—as a statement about basic sports decency."[52]

As of 2015, Jack Yates boys' basketball program has won four state titles since the 2009 season.[citation needed]

American football

Yates football players during a game in 2021

In the segregation era schools for blacks played their games on weekdays while schools for whites played their games on Fridays.[12]

In 1939, Yates coach Andrew "Pat" Patterson asked principal William S. Holland to meet with E. B. Evans, the president of Prairie View A&M University, to discuss regulating American football played by black schools and establishing a football league for them. The Prairie View Leagues established a football league in 1940 and Yates was in this league until 1968.[53] Rick Sherrod, author of Texas High School Football Dynasties, described Patterson as the "architect" of the PVIL football league.[49]

Historically the American football game between Yates and Wheatley High School was among the most prominent ones in the United States.[12] Beginning in 1927,[54] each Thanksgiving Day the school's American football team played Yates High School's football team at the Jeppeson Stadium.[55] The Yates-Wheatley Thanksgiving football match, described by On American Soil: How Justice Became a Casualty of World War II author Jack Hamann as "the most important noncollege football game in the country", often had crowds that had over 30,000 people.[56] The rivalry declined after Yates joined the UIL, and after the football leagues integrated the Thanksgiving Day Yates-Wheatley game ended.[57]

Coach Patterson, while in the PVIL league, had a 73.2% win record, 200-64-9, and his team received four state titles from PVIL.[49]

Yates lost to Lake Highlands High School in the 1981 Texas state American football championship game. The principal of Yates stated that a "positive atmosphere" occurred in the Third Ward despite the loss since Yates had gotten to the championships.[48]

Yates won the 1985 Texas 5-A American football championship game at Texas Stadium in Irving, defeating the Odessa Permian High School.[48]

In 1994, the head football coach of Yates stated that "You cannot deny that football affects the community in a big way."[48]

Feeder patterns

Elementary schools that feed into Yates[35] include:

(partial)

Portions of Cullen Middle School's attendance zone, including portions formerly zoned to Ryan Middle School, feed into Yates.[66][67]

Notable alumni

Alumni memorial in front of the school for George Floyd on May 30, 2020

See also

References

  • Harwell, Debbie Z. "William S. Holland: A Mighty Lion at Yates High School" (Archive). Houston History. Center for Public History at the University of Houston. Volume 8, No. 1. p. 9-13.
  • Kellar, William Henry. Make Haste Slowly: Moderates, Conservatives, and School Desegregation in Houston. Texas A&M University Press, 1999. ISBN 1603447180, 9781603447188.
  • Ouchi, William G. Making Schools Work: A Revolutionary Plan to Get Your Children the Education They Need. Simon & Schuster, June 24, 2008. ISBN 1439108102, 9781439108109.

Reference notes

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福岡大学附属大濠中学校・高等学校 北緯33度34分52.6秒 東経130度22分37.3秒 / 北緯33.581278度 東経130.377028度 / 33.581278; 130.377028座標: 北緯33度34分52.6秒 東経130度22分37.3秒 / 北緯33.581278度 東経130.377028度 / 33.581278; 130.377028過去の名称 福岡外事専門学校附属大濠中学校福岡商科大学附属大濠高等学校国公私立の別 私立学校設置者 学校法人福岡大学

 

Semi-automatic pistol AutoMag III Automag III .30 Carbine made by Irwindale Arms, Inc. with .30 Carbine cartridgeTypeSemi-automatic pistolPlace of originUnited StatesProduction historyDesignerHarry SanfordManufacturerArcadia Machine & ToolUnit cost$470 MSRP[1]Produced1992–2001[2]SpecificationsMass43 oz (1,200 g)Length10.75 in (273 mm)Barrel length6.375 in (161.9 mm)Cartridge.30 Carbine9mm Winchester MagnumActionShort reco...

48.2514.166666666667Koordinaten: 48° 15′ N, 14° 10′ O Als Oberösterreichischer Zentralraum bezeichnet man das Gebiet um die Städte Linz, Wels und Steyr. Es bildet das wirtschaftliche Zentrum des Bundeslandes. Man bezeichnet es auch als „Fünftes Viertel“, neben den vier historischen Regionen Traun-, Hausruck-, Mühl- und Innviertel, wobei es Anteile der ersteren drei umfasst. Die NUTS-Region AT312 (Linz – Wels) ist österreichweit der Raum mit der höchsten D...

 

Glacier in Antarctica Location of Hemimont Plateau on the Antarctic Peninsula. Klebelsberg Glacier (67°23′S 66°19′W / 67.383°S 66.317°W / -67.383; -66.317) is a glacier, 7 nautical miles (13 km) long and 2 nautical miles (4 km) wide, situated at the south side of Finsterwalder Glacier and flowing from Hemimont Plateau northwestward between Armula Peak and Smilyan Bastion on Graham Land, Antarctica, toward the head of Lallemand Fjord. With Finsterwalde...

 

2017 role-playing video game 2017 video gameDigimon Story: Cyber Sleuth – Hacker's MemoryNorth American cover artDeveloper(s)Media.Vision[a]Publisher(s)Bandai Namco EntertainmentDirector(s)Hideaki KikuchiProducer(s)Kazumasa HabuDesigner(s)Tomoki InoueArtist(s)Suzuhito YasudaComposer(s)Masafumi TakadaSeriesDigimonPlatform(s)PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita, Nintendo Switch, WindowsRelease December 14, 2017 PS4, VitaJP: December 14, 2017WW: January 19, 2018Nintendo SwitchJP: October 17...

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Oktober 2016. Logo Zeal Zeal dahulu merupakan sebuah direktori web, pertama muncul pada tahun 1999, dan kemudian diakuisisi oleh Looksmart pada Oktober 2000 dengan harga sebesar $ 20 juta. Zeal mengolah konten direktorinya dengan editor, editor dari Zeal terdiri dar...

 

Beijing DucksLigaAsosiasi Bola Basket TiongkokDibentuk1956; 66 tahun lalu (1956)SejarahBeijing Basketball Team (1956–1988) Beijing Ducks (1988–sekarang)ArenaStadion WukesongKapasitas18.000LetakBeijing, TiongkokWarna timBiru baja, Hitam, Putih     Sponsor utamaShougang Steel (1988–2003) Wanfeng Aote (2003–2004) Jinyu Group (2004–2011) Shougang Steel (2011–sekarang)Pelatih kepalaYannis ChristopoulosJuara3 (2012, 2014, 2015) Kandang Tandang Ketiga Beijing Ducks Ha...

 

NgemplakDesaKantor Desa NgemplakNegara IndonesiaProvinsiJawa TengahKabupatenKaranganyarKecamatanKarangpandanKode Kemendagri33.13.08.2002 Luas... km²Jumlah penduduk... jiwaKepadatan... jiwa/km² Ngemplak adalah desa di kecamatan Karangpandan, Karanganyar, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia. Pembagian wilayah Desa Ngemplak terdiri dari dukuh: Bulan Gagan Gemawang Genjahan Keron Ngablak Ngaglik Ngemplak Ngiri Ngledok Sapitan Sawilan Singit Talpitu Watugede Wonoketi lbsKecamatan Karangpandan, Kabupaten...

German historian of Eastern Europe Karl Schlögel receiving the prize for non-fiction at the Leipzig Book Fair, 2018 Karl Schlögel (born 7 March 1948 in Hawangen, Bavaria, Germany) is a noted German historian of Eastern Europe who specialises in modern Russia, the history of Stalinism, the Russian diaspora and dissident movements, Eastern European cultural history and theoretical problems of historical narration. Life and career Schlögel studied philosophy, sociology, East European History ...

 

Este artículo o sección necesita referencias que aparezcan en una publicación acreditada.Este aviso fue puesto el 6 de mayo de 2019. Segunda Categoría de Bolívar AFB 2023Datos generalesDeporte FútbolSede  BolívarEcuador EcuadorEquipos participantes 8Datos históricosFundación 2003Datos estadísticosCampeón actual Unibolívar (Guaranda)Subcampeón actual Mineros S. C. (Las Naves)Más campeonatos Unibolívar (8)Datos de competenciaCategoría Tercera Ascenso a Ascenso Nacional...

 

The Brahmin and the MongooseIndian grey mongooseFolk taleNameThe Brahmin and the MongooseAarne–Thompson grouping178ACountryIndia (origin) The Brahmin and the Mongoose (or The Brahmin's Wife and the Mongoose) is a folktale from India, and one of the world's most travelled tales.[1] It describes the rash killing of a loyal animal, and thus warns against hasty action. The story underlies certain legends in the West, such as that of Llywelyn and his dog Gelert in Wales,[1] or th...

Musbach valleySt. Ottilien in the Musbach valley. The sacristan's house (left), the church with the chapel and the spring (center), the former sexton's house (right)Long-axis directionNorth-SouthGeographyCoordinates48°0′10″N 7°53′57″E / 48.00278°N 7.89917°E / 48.00278; 7.89917  The Musbachtal[1] is a small 2.6 km long steep and narrow carved valley with a creek at the bottom. Location and geography The valley stretches from the Carthusian...

 

Overview of the death penalty in Islam Part of a series onIslamic jurisprudence(fiqh) Ritual Shahada Salah Raka'ah Qibla Turbah Sunnah prayer (TahajjudTarawih) Witr Nafl prayer Sawm Zakat Hajj Ihram (clothing Mut'ah) Tawaf Umrah (and Hajj) Political Islamic leadership Caliphate Majlis-ash-Shura Imamate Wilayat al-faqih Bay'ah Dhimmi Aman Family Marriage Contract Mahr Misyar Halala Urfi Mut‘ah Polygyny Divorce Khula Zihar Iddah Kafa'ah Adoption Breastfeeding Sexual Awrah Abortion B...

 

South Korean footballer Min Byung-dae Min Byung Dae (South Korea) played vs Hungary at the 1954 World CupPersonal informationDate of birth (1918-02-20)20 February 1918Place of birth Japanese KoreaDate of death 4 January 1983(1983-01-04) (aged 64)Place of death Seoul, South KoreaPosition(s) DefenderYouth career Pai Chai High School Boseong CollegeSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls) Seoul Army Club International career1940–1942 Japan 1944–1954 South Korea *Club domestic league appearan...

Bregninge Parochie van Denemarken Situering Bisdom Bisdom Funen Gemeente Ærø Coördinaten 54°53'39,29NB, 10°18'35,37OL Algemeen Inwoners (2006) 587 Leden Volkskerk (2006) 534 Overig Kerken Bregninge Kirke Proosdij Ærø Provsti Pastoraat Bregninge-Tranderup Portaal    Denemarken Bregninge is een parochie van de Deense Volkskerk in de Deense gemeente Ærø. De parochie maakt deel uit van het bisdom Funen en telt 534 kerkleden op een bevolking van 587 (2006). De parochie was tot 1...

 

1980 novel by Michael Crichton This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: Congo novel – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Congo First edition coverAuthorMichael CrichtonCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishGenreScience fiction novel,Adventure novelPublisherKnopfPublic...

 

Mexican volleyball player This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article is an orphan, as no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles; try the Find link tool for suggestions. (May 2017) This biography of a living person relies on a single source. You can help by adding reliable sources to this article. Contentious material about li...

American basketball player Joe SmithSmith with the Lakers in December 2010Personal informationBorn (1975-07-26) July 26, 1975 (age 48)Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.Listed height6 ft 9 in (2.06 m)Listed weight225 lb (102 kg)Career informationHigh schoolMatthew Fontaine Maury(Norfolk, Virginia)CollegeMaryland (1993–1995)NBA draft1995: 1st round, 1st overall pickSelected by the Golden State WarriorsPlaying career1995–2011PositionPower forwardNumber32, 9, 8, 7, 1Career ...

 

Manifesto by Ayatollah Khomeini for a theocratic Islamic state For other uses, see Islamic state. Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist AuthorRuhollah Khomeini; translated by Hamid AlgarCountryIran and United KingdomLanguageTranslated into EnglishSubjectIslam and statePublisherManor Books, Mizan Press, Alhoda UKPublication date1970, 1979, 1982, 2002[1]Pages139 pagesISBN964-335-499-7OCLC254905140 Islamic Government (Persian: حکومت اسلامی, Hokumat-i Eslami),[2]...

 

Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!