Yasen-class submarine

Yasen class
Yasen-class SSN profile
K-560 Severodvinsk
Class overview
NameYasen class
BuildersSevmash
Operators Russian Navy
Preceded by
Succeeded byLaika class
CostRUB47 billion for Kazan (2011)[1]
Built1993–present
In commission2013–present
Planned12[2]
Building4
Completed6
Active5
General characteristics
TypeNuclear-powered attack submarine
Displacement
  • Surfaced: 8,600 tons
  • Submerged: 13,800 tons[3]
LengthYasen: 139.2 m (457 ft)[4][5][6]
Yasen-M: 130 m (430 ft)
Beam13 m (43 ft)[4][5][6]
PropulsionOK-650KPM[7] pressurized water reactor 200 MWt turbines of 43,000 shp
Speed
  • Surfaced: 20 kn (37 km/h; 23 mph)
  • Submerged (silent): 28 kn (52 km/h; 32 mph)
  • Submerged (max): 35 kn (65 km/h; 40 mph)[citation needed]
RangeUnlimited
EnduranceOnly limited by food and maintenance requirements
Test depth
  • Safe depth: 1,475 feet (450m)
  • Never exceed depth: 1,804 feet (580m)
  • Crush depth: 2,160 feet (658m)
ComplementYasen: 85[8]
Yasen-M: 64[9]
Sensors &
processing systems		Rim Hat ESM/ECM Snoop Pair Surface Search Radar
Armament
  • Yasen: and Yasen-M:[10]
  • Eight missile silos each equipped with four 3S-14 VLS to carry 32 (

The Yasen class, Russian designations Project 885 Yasen and Project 885M Yasen-M (Russian: Ясень, lit. 'ash tree', NATO reporting name: Severodvinsk), also referred to as the Graney class, are a series of nuclear-powered attack submarines (SSN) designed by the Malakhit Marine Engineering Bureau and built by Sevmash for the Russian Navy.[15][16] Design work commenced in earnest in the 1980s with the first submarine built in the 1990s–early 2010s with commissioning in 2013. The first two boats to an upgraded (and slightly shorter overall) Yasen-M design were commissioned in 2021.[17][18] Based on the Akula class and Alfa class designs, the Yasen class is projected to replace the Russian Navy's current Soviet-era nuclear attack submarines as well as Oscar II class cruise missile submarines.[19] The multipurpose Yasen class concept uses the platform both for the hunter-killer role as well as to target enemies with the VLS-launched cruise missile, similar to the cruise missile submarine.[20][19][21] All submarines of this class but Severodvinsk are of the upgraded Yasen-M class variant.

History

The Yasen-class submarines were designed by Malakhit, which was formed through the late 1950s merger of the SKB-143 and TsKB-16 design bureaus.[citation needed] Work on the initial design was scheduled to start in 1977 and be completed in 1985.[22] Malakhit is one of the three Soviet/Russian submarine design centers, along with Rubin Design Bureau and Lazurit Central Design Bureau.

"Yasen-M" variant profile

Construction on the first submarine started on 21 December 1993, with its launch slated for 1995 and its commissioning for 1998.[23] However, the project was delayed due to financial problems and it appeared during 1996 that work on the submarine had stopped completely. Some reports suggested that as of 1999 the submarine was less than 10 percent complete.[citation needed] In 2003 the project received additional funding and the work of finishing the submarine restarted.

In 2004 it was reported that the work on the submarine was moving forward, but, due to the priority given to the new Borei-class SSBNs, the lead unit of the class (Severodvinsk) would not be ready before 2010. In July 2006 the deputy chairman of the Military-Industrial Commission, Vladislav Putilin, stated that two Yasen-class submarines were to join the Russian Navy before 2015.[24]

On 24 July 2009, work commenced on a second submarine, named Kazan. On 26 July, the Russian navy command announced that starting in 2011, one multipurpose submarine would be laid down every year, although not necessarily of this class.[citation needed]

An August 2009 report from the U.S. Office of Naval Intelligence estimated the Yasen-class submarines to be the quietest, or least detectable, of seagoing Russian and Chinese nuclear submarines, but said they were still not as quiet as first-line U.S. Navy submarines (i.e. Seawolf and Virginia classes).[25][26]

In April 2010, it was reported that the 7 May launch of the first boat had been postponed due to "technical reasons".[27] Then, the launch of the first submarine and the beginning of sea trials were scheduled for September 2011.[citation needed]

Roll out ceremony of Russian submarine Severodvinsk

On 26 July 2013 the third submarine, named Novosibirsk, was laid down.[28]

On 30 December 2013, Severodvinsk was handed over to the Russian Navy. The flag-raising ceremony was held on 17 June 2014 marking its introduction into the Russian Navy.[29]

In October 2014, one of the U.S. Navy's top submarine officers, Rear Admiral Dave Johnson, the Naval Sea Systems Command's program executive officer (PEO) for submarines, said "We'll be facing tough potential opponents. One only has to look at the Severodvinsk, Russia's version of a nuclear guided missile submarine (SSGN). I am so impressed with this ship that I had Carderock build a model from unclassified data".[30]

According to 60 Minutes, unnamed Pentagon officials claimed that Severodvinsk on her maiden deployment[31] "slipped into the Atlantic Ocean and for weeks evaded all of the attempts to find her" in the summer 2018.[32]

Kazan was rumoured to be active, along with five other nuclear submarines, in the northern Atlantic in spring 2020.[33] However, she may actually have been on sea trials since she was reported commissioned in May 2021.[34]

On October 4, 2021, Severodvinsk performed two test launches of Zircon missile, from surfaced and underwater position.[35] The launches were performed from the White Sea to the Barents Sea and were successful.

Design

Cross sections

The vessel's design is said to be state-of-the-art. The Yasen-class nuclear submarines are presumed to be armed with land-attack cruise missiles, anti-ship missiles, anti-submarine missiles including the P-800 Oniks SLCM, Kalibr family SLCM or 3M51 SLCM.[citation needed] Kalibr-PL has several variants including the 3M54K (terminal-supersonic) and 3M54K1 (subsonic) anti-ship, 91R1 anti-submarine, and the 3M14K land-attack variant. In the future, there will be also an option to install the hypersonic 3M22 Zircon cruise missiles on upgraded 885M boats.[36] Each submarine can carry 32 Kalibr or 24 Oniks (other sources claim 40 Kalibr and 32 Oniks)[37] cruise missiles which are stored in eight (ten for 885M) vertical launchers (additional missiles may be carried in the torpedo room at the expense of torpedoes).[38][39][40] It will also have ten 533 mm tubes, as well as mines and anti-submarine missiles such as the RPK-7.[41][13]

It is the first Russian submarine class to be equipped with a spherical sonar, designated as MGK-600 Irtysh-Amfora.[42] The device (allegedly the Irtysh/Amfora sonar system) was tested on a modified Yankee-class submarine.[43] The sonar system consists of a spherical bow array, flank arrays and a towed array. Due to the large size of this spherical array, the torpedo tubes are slanted.[22] In other words, the torpedo tube outer doors are not located in the immediate bow as in the previous Akula class[44] but moved aft.[45] The hull is constructed from low-magnetic steel.[46] Unlike previous Russian submarines which have a double hull, Yasen-class submarines mostly have a single hull.[47] The Yasen class has a crew of 85 on project 885 and 64 on project 885M,[8] suggesting a high degree of automation in the submarine's different systems. The newest U.S. Virginia-class submarines, has a crew of 134 in comparison.[46]

Yasen-class submarines are the first to be equipped with a fourth-generation nuclear reactor.[48][49] The reactor, built by Afrikantov OKBM,[50][51] will allegedly have a 25-30-year core life and will not have to be refueled.[52] Steam turbines are supplied by Kaluga Turbine Works.[53] The inclusion of new generation KTP-6 reactor on the Yasen-M boats is thought to significantly reduce their noise level: the reactor's primary cooling loop facilitates natural circulation of water and thus doesn't require continuous operation of the main circulation pumps, which are the key noise factor on a nuclear submarine.[citation needed] A VSK rescue pod is carried in the sail.[22] The first ship of the class came equipped with a traditional mast system but it may be replaced with the non-penetrating electro-optical masts meant for improved ISR capability, and reduced risk in collisions.[13]

According to Admiral James Foggo, the commander of the US Naval Forces Europe, the Yasen class submarines are "very quiet, which is the most important thing in submarine warfare".[32] It's claimed that Severodvinsk is far quieter than previous Russian SSNs, capable of 20 knots while running quiet, which is equal to the Seawolf class[54] and inferior only to the Virginia class (25 knots).[55][56] Other sources claim that Severodvinsk is capable of even 28 knots in silent mode.[57]

Costs

Initial estimates regarding the cost of the first Yasen-class submarine ranged from US$1 billion to US$2 billion.[58] In 2011, it was reported that the cost of first-of-class, Severodvinsk, was 50 billion rubles (roughly US$1.6 billion)[59] while the second unit, Kazan, will cost an estimated 47 billion rubles (US$725 million, in 2019 RUB/USD exchange rate).[1] In 2011, then Defense Minister Anatoliy Serdyukov criticized the ever increasing cost of the Borei and Yasen classes. The Minister described the massive increase in cost between the first and the second Yasen-class submarine as "incomprehensible". However, he insisted that the Russian Defence Ministry and Sevmash would resolve the issue. Officials from the United Shipbuilding Corporation replied that work done in Sevmash accounts for only 30% of the submarine's completion cost, the remaining 70% being linked to suppliers/contractors.[60]

Successor/supplement

Main article: Laika-class submarine

Due to the high cost of each Yasen class submarine, some sources believe that a next generation of SSNs would be of smaller dimensions[61][62] with a reduced armament/payload could be built.[63] The successor/supplement to the Yasen class was in early development by 2015[64][65][66] and dubbed "Husky class" by media.[67] The final design of the submarine is yet to be completed and may feature a more conventional layout with bow-mounted torpedo tubes (as opposed to the midship torpedo tubes on Yasen class) and a smaller chin-mounted sonar, i.e. the sonar will be mounted below the torpedo tubes (as opposed to a large spherical sonar on Yasen class).[68] The first submarine is expected to be delivered to the Russian Navy by 2027.[69]

Units

Italicized dates indicate estimates.

# Name Project Laid down Launched Commissioned Fleet Status Notes
K-560 Severodvinsk 885 21 Dec 1993
[70] 		15 Jun 2010
[71] 		17 Jun 2014
[72] 		Northern Active Later modified to carry Zircon missiles[35]
K-561 Kazan 885M 24 Jul 2009
[4] 		31 Mar 2017
[73] 		5 May 2021
[74] 		Northern Active as of 2026
[75][76] 		Acceptance act signed on 5 May 2021, ceremony held on 7 May 2021.[77][78]
K-573 Novosibirsk 885M 26 Jul 2013
[28] 		25 Dec 2019
[79] 		21 Dec 2021
[80] 		Pacific Active[80]
K-571 Krasnoyarsk 885M 27 Jul 2014
[81][82] 		30 Jul 2021
[83] 		11 Dec 2023
[84] 		Pacific Active On 23 Jan 2017, it successfully completed hydraulic pressure hull tests.[85] Mooring trials were underway in Feb 2022,[86] with sea trials anticipated to begin in spring 2022.[87] Sea trials started on 26 Jun 2022.[88]
K-564 Arkhangelsk 885M 19 Mar 2015
[89] 		29 Nov 2023
[90][91] 		27 Dec 2024
[41][92][93] 		Northern Active as of 2026
[94][95] 		Sea trials completed in Dec 2024.
[92][95][96][97]
K-572 Perm 885M 29 July 2016
[98] 		27 March 2025
[99] 		2026
[41][100][92] 		Pacific Sea trials as of Aug 2025[101] Structural modifications, reported to carry 3M22 Zircon hypersonic missiles.[100]
K-563 Ulyanovsk 885M 27 July 2017 28 July 2026[102] 2026
[103][104][105] 		Launched[106] Also identified as a separate class (Project 09853) variant of the Yasen-class.[107] Later clarified that the boat would be of the Yasen-M class[108].
K-xxx Voronezh 885M 20 Jul 2020
[109] 		2027
[103][92] 		Northern Under construction[109] To be equipped with 4,500 km capable Kalibr-M cruise missiles.[110]
K-xxx Vladivostok 885M 20 Jul 2020
[109] 		2028
[103][111][92] 		Pacific Under construction[109] To be equipped with 4,500 km capable Kalibr-M cruise missiles.[110]
K-xxx Murmansk[112] 885M 17 June 2026
 Under construction
K-xxx 885M Announced[113]
K-xxx 885M Announced[114]

See also

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Further reading

  • Vilches Alarcón, Alejandro A. (2022). From Juliettes to Yasens: Development and Operational History of Soviet Cruise-Missile Submarines. Europe @ War (22). Warwick, UK: Helion & Co. ISBN 978-1-915070-68-5.

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