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Thomas Woodrow Wilson Square
	Wilson Square in 2022
Former name(s)	Stefan Żeromski Square (c. 1923–1926); Danzig Square (1940–1944); Paris Commune Square (1951–1990);
Namesake	Thomas Woodrow Wilson
Location	Żoliborz, Warsaw, Poland
Coordinates	52°16′8″N 20°59′11″E / 52.26889°N 20.98639°E
North	Mickiewicza Street
East	Krasińskiego Street
South	Mickiewicza Street
West	Krasińskiego Street; Słowackiego Street;
Construction
Completion	c. 1923
Other
Designer	Józef Jankowski; Antoni Jawornicki; Tadeusz Tołwiński;

Thomas Woodrow Wilson Square (Polish: Plac Thomasa Woodrowa Wilsona), also simply known as Wilson Square (Polish: Plac Wilsona), is an urban square and a roundabout in Warsaw, Poland, within the district of Żoliborz. It forms a roundabout at the intersection of Mickiewicza, Krasińskiego, and Słowackiego Streets. The square was constructed around 1923.

History

19th century predecessor

Between 1849 and 1851, to the southeast from future square, Sokolnicki Fort (originally known as the Sergei Fort), which was part of Warsaw Citadel, was constructed. It was expanded between 1864 and 1874, and was mainly used as a police building and prison.^[1]

20th century

The square was designed by Józef Jankowski, Antoni Jawornicki, and Tadeusz Tołwiński, and constructed around 1923.^[2] That year, it was named Stefan Żeromski Square (Polish: Plac Stefana Żeromskiego) for the 19th- and 20th-century novelist and dramatist.^[2]

Between 1926 and 1928, in the northeast corner of the square, four tenements of the Warsaw Housing Association, designed by Bruno Zborowski, were constructed.^[3] Between 1928 and 1932, the building of the Fenix Housing Association, designed by Roman Feliński, was also constructed there.^[4]

On 27 September 1926, it was renamed to Thomas Woodrow Wilson Square.^[5] The square is named after Thomas Woodrow Wilson, the 28th president of the United States (in office between 1913 and 1921). In his 1918 Fourteen Points peace proposal, Wilson called for the establishment of an independent Poland. The full name of the square is Thomas Woodrow Wilson Square (Polish: Plac Thomasa Woodrowa Wilsona), although it is usually known simply as Wilson Square (Polish: Plac Wilsona).^[5] The idea for the name originated on 21 February 1924, when, shortly after Wilson's death on 3 February 1924, the city council had decided to name a street, a city square, or an institution, after him.^[6]

The Stefan Żeromski Park, to the square's southeast, was developed between 1925 and 1932.^[2]

In May 1940, during the Second World War, Nazi Germany occupied the city, during which the square was renamed to Danzig Square (German: Danziger Platz; Polish: Plac Gdański), after the city of Gdańsk (German: Danzig). However, the local population refused to use said name.^[7]^[8]

On 3 May 1943, at 6 p.m., while the city was under German occupation during the Second World War, the patriotic audition made by Directorate of Civil Resistance was played from the loudspeaker at the square. It ended with the recording of the anthem of Poland. The audition was heard by the people gathered at the square, including a group of German soldiers, and the news of the incident quickly spread across the city.^[9]^[10] A portion of the buildings around the square were destroyed in 1944, including the entirety of the Warsaw Housing Association complex.^[2]^[3]

The name was returned to the previous one (Thomas Woodrow Wilson Square) after the end of the war.^[7]^[8]

In March 1951, in commemoration of the 80th anniversary of the Paris Commune seizing power in Paris on 18 March 1871, the square was renamed to Paris Commune Square (Polish: Plac Komuny Paryskiej).^[11] The square was remodeled around 1955, with changes to the shape of streets and tram tracks, and the addition of lawns.^[12]

In 1990, it was again renamed to T. W. Wilson Square (Polish: plac. im. T.W. Wilsona).^[5]

21st century

On 8 April 2005, the Plac Wilsona (Wilson Square) station of the M1 line of the Warsaw Metro underground rapid transit system was opened there.^[13]^[14]

In August 2012, its name was extended to Thomas Woodrow Wilson Square (Polish: Plac Thomasa Woodrowa Wilsona).^[15]

Characteristics

Wilson Square is located in the district of Żoliborz, within the neighbourhood of Old Żoliborz. It is surrounded by roads, forming a roundabout at the intersection of Mickiewicza, Krasińskiego, and Słowackiego Streets. It is also crossed by tram tracks, and a road directly connecting Mickiewicza and Słowackiego Streets.^[2]^[12]

The square is covered with a lawn and greenery.^[12] Around it are tenements. At its southeast corner is the main entrance to the Stefan Żeromski Park, which also includes the 19th-century Sokolnicki Fort.^[2]^[1]

It is also the location of the Plac Wilsona (Wilson Square) station of the M1 line of the Warsaw Metro underground rapid transit system.^[13]^[14]

References

^ ^a ^b Lech Królikowski: Twierdza Warszawa, Warsaw: Bellona, 2002. ISBN 8311093563. (in Polish)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Encyklopedia Warszawy. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 1994, p. 958. ISBN 83-01-08836-2. (in Polish)
^ ^a ^b Łukasz Heyman: Nowy Żoliborz 1918–1939. Wrocław: Ossolineum, 1976, p. 93–94. (in Polish)
^ Michał Krasucki, Monika Powalisz: ŻOL. Ilustrowany atlas architektury Żoliborza. Warsaw: Centrum Architektury, 2014, p. 45. ISBN 978-83-937716-2-2. (in Polish)
^ ^a ^b ^c Kwiryna Handke: Słownik nazewnictwa Warszawy. Warsaw: Slawistyczny Ośrodek Wydawniczy, 1998, p. 242. ISBN 83-86619-97X. (in Polish).
^ Z Rady Miejskiej. Uczczenie pamięci Wilsona Archived 2018-06-20 at the Wayback Machine. In: Kurier Warszawski, no. 53, p. 5. Warsaw. 22 February 1924. (in Polish).
^ ^a ^b Krzysztof Dunin-Wąsowicz: Na Żoliborzu 1939–1945. Warsaw: Książka i Wiedza, 1984, p. 39. ISBN 83-05-11180-6. (in Polish)
^ ^a ^b Tomasz Szarota: Okupowanej Warszawy dzień powszedni. Studium historyczne. Warsaw: Czytelnik, 2010, p. 48. ISBN 978-83-07-03239-9. (in Polish).
^ Władysław Bartoszewski: 1859 dni Warszawy. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Znak, 2008, p. 476–478. ISBN 978-83-240-10578. OCLC 938718461. (in Polish)
^ Czesław Michalski: Wojna warszawsko-niemiecka. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Czytelnik, 1971, p. 350–352. (in Polish)
^ Kronika wydarzeń w Warszawie 1945−1958. In: Warszawskie Kalendarz Ilustrowany 1959, p. 61. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Tygodnika Ilustrowanego Stolica. 1958. (in Polish).
^ ^a ^b ^c Eugeniusz Szwankowski: Ulice i place Warszawy. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1970, p. 79. (in Polish)
^ ^a ^b "Metro kursuje od 25 lat". um.warszawa.pl (in Polish). 7 April 2020. Archived from the original on 29 September 2024. Retrieved 29 September 2024.
^ ^a ^b "Dane techniczne i eksploatacyjne istniejącego odcinka metra". metro.waw.pl (in Polish). Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2024-09-29.
^ Uchwała nr XLI/1103/2012 Rady miasta stołecznego Warszawy z dnia 30 sierpnia 2012 r.w sprawie nazw niektórych ulic i placu w Dzielnicy Żoliborz m.st. Warszawy. In: Dziennik Urzędowy Województwa Mazowieckiego. no. 6527. Sejmik of the Masovian Voivodeship Sejmik. 25 September 2012. (in Polish)