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William L. Langer
William L. Langer
	Langer in 1946
Born	April 16, 1896; Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
Died	December 26, 1977 (aged 81); Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
Education	Harvard University (BA, PhD)
Occupation(s)	academic historian, intelligence analyst, policy advisor
Spouses	Susanne Katherina Knauth, philosopher (Sept. 3, 1921 - div. 1942); Rowena Morse Nelson (Apr. 9, 1943-);
Children	2
Parents	Karl Rudolf Langer; Johanna Rockenbach;
Relatives	Rudolf Ernest Langer (elder brother); Walter Charles Langer (younger brother);
Military career
Allegiance	United States
Service / branch	United States Army, Office of Strategic Services
Rank	Sergeant
Unit	Company E; 1st Gas Regiment; United States Army Chemical Warfare Service;
Battles / wars	World War I St. Mihiel Offensive; Meuse-Argonne Offensive; ; World War II;
Notes

William Leonard Langer (March 16, 1896 – December 26, 1977) was an American historian, intelligence analyst and policy advisor. He served as chairman of the history department at Harvard University. He was on leave during World War II as head of the Research and Analysis Branch of the Office of Strategic Services. He was a specialist on the diplomacy of the periods 1840–1900 and World War II. He edited many books, including a series on European history, a large-scale reference book, and a university textbook.

Early life and education

Born in South Boston, Massachusetts on March 16, 1896, he was the second of three sons of recent German immigrants, Charles Rudolph and Johanna Rockenbach. His elder brother, Rudolf Ernest Langer, became a mathematician and his younger brother, Walter Charles Langer, a psychoanalyst.^[4]^[7]

When William was only three, his father died unexpectedly, leaving the family in difficult circumstances. Nevertheless, his mother, who supported the family by working as a dressmaker, made education a priority for her children. After studying at the Boston Latin School, Langer attended Harvard University.

Career

Langer was fluent in German, and taught German at Worcester Academy while furthering his own education with courses on international relations at Clark University.

His job and education were interrupted by military service World War I. After the war, he returned to his studies and obtained his Ph.D. in 1923. In 1921 he married Susanne Katherina Langer (née Knauth) who became a noted philosopher. They had two sons together before divorcing in 1942.

He taught modern European history at Clark University for four years before accepting an assistant professorship at Harvard. In 1936 Langer became the first to hold the Archibald Coolidge chair.

Langer was remembered at Harvard especially for his History 132 course on modern European history, History 157 on the Ottoman Empire, and the graduate seminars held at his home.^[8]^[9] He also taught at the Harvard Extension School.^[10]

With the help of other scholars during the 1930s, Langer completely revised the Epitome of History by German Scholar Karl Ploetz. Langer's massive work was published in 1940 under the title An Encyclopedia of World History.^[11] Its fifth edition (1972) is the last to be edited by Langer. Peter N. Stearns and thirty other prominent historians edited the sixth edition, published in 2001. Stearns paid tribute to Langer's great achievement in the introduction to the new edition.

In 1932, as an associate professor Langer was chosen by Harpers as editor for their series on modern Europe.^[12] He wrote the volume covering 1832-1852, "Liberalism, Nationalism and Socialism." Originally in hardcover, the series was republished in the 1960s in paperback as "The Rise of Modern Europe."

Later career

In 1957, Langer urged historians to expand their insights with techniques from modern psychology.^[13]

War service

Langer was an enlisted man in the United States Army Chemical Service in World War I, and saw combat in a chemical weapons unit on the Western Front in France. He described the experience in a book he wrote with another man in his company.^[6]

During World War II, Langer served in the new Office of Strategic Services (OSS) as deputy chief and later chief of the Research and Analysis Branch until the end of the war. In correspondence he was identified as OSS 117,^[14] a codename which entered French popular culture in 1949 for an unrelated iconic fictional character of books and film. He was special assistant for intelligence analysis to U.S. Secretary of State James F. Byrnes. In 1950 Langer organized the office of National Estimates in the newly established Central Intelligence Agency.^[15]^{[non-primary source needed]}

After war

After the war, Langer returned to academia, but from 1961 to 1977 he served on the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board.

The US government asked to Langer to justify this policy initially very favourable to Vichy France: this book was entitled Our Vichy Gamble (1947) and it almost totally whitewashed the policy.^[16] Langer’s book was then used as new evidence to request a review of the trial of Pétain by his lawyer in 1950 (the case was eventually dismissed).^[17] According to one reviewer, this book should have been called Our Vichy Fumble.^[18]

Honors

William Langer was awarded the Medal for Merit by President Truman in July 1946 in recognition of his wartime service. He was also awarded the Bancroft Prize in 1954. Postwar, both Harvard and Yale University awarded Langer LL.D. degrees as did the University of Hamburg in 1955. Among his many involvements, Langer served as president of the American Historical Association for 1957. Langer received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 1965.^[19]

Selected bibliography

Langer, William L.; MacMullin, Robert Burns (1919). With "E" of the First Gas. Brooklyn: Holton printing co. revised as: Gas and Flame in World War I (1965) online
An Encyclopedia of World History: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern, Chronologically Arranged. © 1972, 1968, 1952, 1948, & 1940. 1948 edition online
The Franco-Russian Alliance 1890–1894 (1929) online
European Alliances and Alignments 1871–1890 (1931) (second edition with supplementary bibliographies, Vintage, 1950). online
The Diplomacy of Imperialism, 1890–1902 (1935, 2nd ed. 1950) online
Our Vichy Gamble (1947)
The Challenge to Isolation, 1937–1940 (1952) with S. Everett Gleason online
The Undeclared War, 1940–1941 (1953) with S. Everett Gleason online

Conyers Read, 1881–1959: Scholar, Teacher, Public Servant (M. and V. Dean, 1963)
Political and Social Upheaval, 1832–1852 (1969) online
In and out of the ivory tower (1977), autobiography online

References

^ "William Leonard Langer". Dictionary of American Biography (fee, via Fairfax County Public Library). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1995. Gale Document Number: GALE|BT2310009409. Retrieved February 3, 2014. Biography in Context. (subscription required)
^ Greer, William R. (July 19, 1985). "Susanne K. Langer, Philosopher, is Dead at 89". New York Times. Retrieved February 3, 2014.
^ Vetter, Herbert, ed. (2007). Notable American Unitarians 1936–1961. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Square library. pp. iii, 134. ISBN 978-0-615-14784-0. Retrieved February 3, 2014.
^ ^a ^b "William L. Langer: Historian of Diplomacy". Notable American Unitarians. Archived from the original on December 30, 2013. Retrieved February 3, 2014.
^ "CIA's Directorate of Intelligence Marks its 50th Anniversary". Central Intelligence Agency. November 4, 2002. Archived from the original on June 13, 2007. Retrieved February 3, 2014. William Langer Award for outstanding analytic contributions to the DI. Langer - a distinguished scholar and pioneer OSS analyst - was the first chairman of CIA's Office of National Estimates and later served on the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board (PFIAB). During his career, Langer demonstrated the feasibility of performing intelligence analysis by combining information from multiple intelligence collection disciplines, including imagery, signals intercepts, and human intelligence.
^ ^a ^b "Gas and Flame in World War I: The New Weapons of Terror". George Washington University. Retrieved February 3, 2014. Langer served as an engineer in Company E of the 1st Gas Regiment, Chemical Warfare Service, of the U.S. Army.
^ Waggoner, Walter H. (July 10, 1981). "Walter Langer is Dead at 82; Wrote Secret Study of Hitler". New York Times. Walter Langer was born in Boston on Feb. 9, 1899, the son of Charles Rudolph and Johanna Rockenbach Langer. He was a practicing psychoanalyst from the late 1930s until about 1960, and he was the brother of William L. Langer, the Harvard historian, and Rudolph Ernest Langer, chairman of the mathematics department at the University of Wisconsin.
^ Kann, Peter R. (June 9, 1964). "Historian Langer Enters Retirement After 37 Years On Harvard Faculty". Harvard Crimson. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
^ Ostro, Ernest A. (May 25, 1951). "Emeritus Professors Continue Work, Return from Retirement to Teach: Fay Came Out of Retirement On Two-Day's [sic] Warning to Give History 132 for Langer". Harvard Crimson. Retrieved February 5, 2014.
^ Shinagel, Michael (2010), The Gates Unbarred: A History of University Extension at Harvard, 1910–2009, Harvard University Press, p. 52, ISBN 978-0674051355
^ "Preface to the First Edition. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History". Archived from the original on September 6, 2008. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
^ The Rise of Modern Europe (Harper and Row).
^ Rogow, Arnold A. (September 8, 1985). "The World on a Couch". The New York Times. (review of Gay, Peter (1985). Freud for historians. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-503586-5.)
^ Petersen, Neal H., ed. (November 2010). "OSS Code Number Identifications". From Hitler's Doorstep: The Wartime Intelligence Reports of Allen Dulles, 1942–1945. Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 543. ISBN 978-0-271-01485-2. LCCN 95-34966. Retrieved February 3, 2014.
^ "Minutes of Meeting held in Director's Conference Room ... at 1100 hours" (PDF). December 26, 1950. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 3, 2016. Retrieved February 3, 2014. William L. Langer, Asst. Dir. for National Estimates
^ Jackson, Julian (2023). France on Trial: the Case of Marshal Pétain. Penguin UK. ISBN 9780241450253.
^ Jackson, Julian (2023). France on Trial: the Case of Marshal Pétain. Penguin UK. ISBN 9780241450253.
^ Gottschalk, Louis (1948). "Our Vichy Fumble". Journal of Modern History. 20 (1): 47–56. doi:10.1086/237178.
^ "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.