Whittier is notable for its extremely wet climate[8] – the town receives 197 inches (5,000 mm) of precipitation per year on average[9] – as well as for the fact that almost all of its residents live in the Begich Towers Condominium, earning it the nickname of a "town under one roof".[8]
History
Whittier harbor
The region occupied by Whittier was once part of the portage route of the Chugach people native to Prince William Sound. Later, the passage was used by Russian and American explorers, and by prospecting miners during the Klondike Gold Rush.[4] The nearby Whittier Glacier was named for American poet John Greenleaf Whittier in 1915, and the town eventually took the name as well.[10]
During World War II, the United States Army constructed a military facility, complete with port and railroad, near Whittier Glacier and named the facility Camp Sullivan. The spur of the Alaska Railroad to Camp Sullivan was completed in 1943, and the port became the entrance for United States soldiers into Alaska.[11]
The two buildings that dominate the town were built after World War II. The 14-story Hodge Building (renamed Begich Towers) was completed in 1957 and contains 150 two-and-three-bedroom apartments plus bachelor efficiency units. Dependent families and Civil Service employees were moved into this high-rise. The Whittier School was connected by a tunnel at the base of the west tower so students could safely access school on days with bad weather. The building was named in honor of Colonel Walter William Hodge, who was a civil engineer and the commanding officer of 93rd Engineer Regiment on the Alcan Highway.[12]
The other main structure in town, the Buckner Building, was completed in 1953, and was called the "city under one roof". The Buckner Building was eventually abandoned. Buckner and Begich Towers were at one time the largest buildings in Alaska. The Begich Towers building became a condominium and, along with the two-story private residence known as Whittier Manor, houses a majority of the town's residents.[13]
The port at Whittier was an active Army facility until 1960. In 1962, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers constructed a petroleum products terminal, a pumping station and a 62-mile-long (100 km), 8-inch (200 mm) pipeline to Anchorage in Whittier.[14][15]
On March 27, 1964, Whittier suffered over $10 million worth of damage in what became known as the Good Friday earthquake. As of 2022, the earthquake remains the largest U.S. earthquake, measuring 9.2 on the moment magnitude scale, and having caused tsunamis along the West Coast of the U.S. The tsunami that hit Whittier reached a height of 13 m (43 ft) and killed 13 people.[16]
Whittier was incorporated in 1969 and eventually became a port of call for cruise ships. It is utilized by local operations and about 100-passenger mid-sized cruise ships. When the Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel opened to public access in 2000, it became the first highway to connect Whittier to Anchorage and inner Alaska—previously, the only ways to reach the town had been rail, boat and plane.[17]
After the tunnel expanded access to Whittier, it began to be visited by larger cruise lines. It is the embarkation/debarkation point of one-way cruises from Anchorage to Vancouver by Princess Tours.[18] Whittier is also popular with tourists, photographers, outdoor enthusiasts, paddlers, hikers, sport fishermen, and hunters because of its abundance of wildlife and natural beauty.[19] Whittier is located within the Chugach National Forest, the second-largest national forest in the U.S.[20]
Whittier is in the Chugach School District and has one school serving approximately 48 students from preschool through high school, according to the 2019–2020 enrollment numbers.[21]
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 19.7 square miles (51 km2), of which, 12.5 square miles (32 km2) of it is land and 7.2 square miles (19 km2) of it (36.36%) is water.
Climate
Climate chart for Whittier
Whittier has a subpolar oceanic climate (Cfc) using the 26.6 °F (−3.0 °C) isotherm and a subarctic climate (Dfc) using the 32.0 °F (0.0 °C) isotherm under the Köppen climate classification, and has an annual precipitation of 197.31 inches (5,012 mm). Whittier's main weather station receives just over 197 in (5,000 mm) of precipitation in the average year.[9] Whittier is located at the northern tip of the world's northernmost temperate rainforest, the Tongass.
Whittier's annual average temperature is 41.1 °F (5.1 °C), with the hottest month being July at 57.2 °F (14.0 °C) and the coldest month being January at 28.2 °F (−2.1 °C). Temperature extremes ranged from −29 °F (−34 °C) on December 23, 1942, to 88 °F (31 °C) on July 23, 1966. Whittier's coldest temperatures typically fluctuate between 0 °F (−18 °C) and 10 °F (−12 °C) each year, so Whittier falls in USDA Plant Hardiness Zones 7a.[22]
Climate data for Whittier, Alaska, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1942–2011
Whittier first appeared on the 1950 U.S. census as an unincorporated village. It formally incorporated in 1969.
As of 2018, there were 205 people living in the city, with 313 available housing units.[26] Almost the entirety of this population lives within the 14-story Begich Towers.[27] The racial makeup of the city was 68.3% White, 10.6% Asian, 6.9% Hispanic, 5.7% Native American.[28]
There are 124 households in the town and the average household size is roughly 1.79 people, according to 2014 statistics. Of these households, 56 are families and 68 are non-families. 40.30% of the population is married, and 32.34% are divorced. 51.78% of the population has children.[28]
The age distribution within the city shows that 13.96 percent of the population is under the age of 18, 3.15 percent is between the ages of 18 and 24, 23.87 percent is between the ages of 25 and 44, 52.25 percent is between the ages of 45 and 64, and 6.76 percent of the population is above the age of 65.[28]
The median income for a household in the city was $45,000 in 2019. The per capita income for the city was $29,106. Unemployment in Whittier was at a rate of 8.0 percent.[29]
Government
City government consists of a seven-member council with a mayor and six council members.[30]
The small city has three key departments: administration, public safety, and public works.
Services
Whittier Police Department is the main police force in the community. The department was founded in 1974 by Chief of Police Gordon Whittier and two officers, and retains the same level of permanent staff today, although in summer, temporary officers are hired when the town has many tourists. The office is in a one-room unit located on the first floor of the Begich Towers. The station has no place to hold or interrogate people.[31]
Whittier Fire Department is a volunteer fire and rescue service with mutual aid from neighboring departments.[32]
Transportation
Alaska Railroad passenger train leaving Whittier towards the tunnel
Whittier Airport (ICAO:PAWR) is an airfield with one aircraft runway designated 4/22 (formerly 3/21) with a gravel surface measuring 1,480 by 60 feet (451 by 18 m).[34] There are no other facilities, and the runway is not maintained in winter. For the 12-month period ending December 31, 2005, the airport had 700 aircraft operations, an average of 58 per month: 97 percent general aviation and 3 percent air taxi. At that time there were two single-engine aircraft based at this airport.[35] The runway was 500 feet (150 m) longer but was damaged by the 1964 Good Friday earthquake.
Known by locals as the Whittier tunnel or the Portage tunnel, the Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel is a tunnel through Maynard Mountain. It links the Seward Highway south of Anchorage with Whittier and is the only land access to the town. It is part of the Portage Glacier Highway and at 13,300 feet (4,100 m), is the second-longest highway tunnel, and longest combined rail and highway tunnel in North America.[37]
Alaska Rail connection
Whittier is Alaska Rail ARRC's connection to the rail systems in Canada and the lower 48 states (by way of rail barge).[38]
^ASCG Incorporated (September 26, 2005). "Comprehensive Plan Update 2005"(PDF). WhittierAlaska.gov. City of Whittier. Archived(PDF) from the original on April 21, 2015. Retrieved June 18, 2017. p. 11 (number in corner, not of document)
^"Accomplishments". Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel. Alaska Department of Transportation & Public Facilities. Archived from the original on July 1, 2016. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
^"Announcements". Greater Whittier Chamber of Commerce. City of Whittier. Archived from the original on May 22, 2016. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
^"Whittier Community School". Alaska Department of Education & Early Development. Archived from the original on July 1, 2016. Retrieved December 11, 2019.
^"USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map". Agricultural Research Center, PRISM Climate Group Oregon State University. Archived from the original on February 27, 2014. Retrieved November 1, 2019. Input 99603 in the ZIP Code box.
^"xmACIS2". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 31, 2023.
^ASCG Incorporated (September 26, 2005). "Comprehensive Plan Update 2005"(PDF). WhittierAlaska.gov. City of Whittier. Archived(PDF) from the original on April 21, 2015. Retrieved June 18, 2017.
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