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The West Hesse Highlands (German: Westhessisches Bergland), also known as the West Hessian Lowlands and Highlands (Westhessisches Berg- und Senkenland), are a heavily forested region of the Central Uplands in Germany. These highlands lie mainly within the state of Hesse, between that part of the Rhenish Massif right of the Rhine in the west, the Weser Uplands to the north, the Hessian Central Uplands^[a] to the east and the Wetterau to the south.

The West Hesse Highlands form one of the major natural regions of Germany (Natural Region No. 34 or D46) and are part of the Central European Uplands as well as being the watershed between the Rhine and the Weser. They comprise a line of hill ranges in the west, running north-northeast to south-southwest on the shoulder of the Rhenish Massif and include the Kellerwald, and a fault trough in the east, the West Hesse Depression.

The West and East Hesse Highlands, together referred to as the Hesse Highlands, combine to form the geological unit known as the Hesse Depression^[b] (Hessischen Senke), in its wider sense. Here, geologically young layers of Zechstein and Bunter sandstone, and in places even younger rocks like Muschelkalk, of the Jurassic, Paleogene and Neogene periods, have been preserved.^[1]

Division of natural regions

The highlands comprise the following geographical subdivisions according to the Hesse Environmental Atlas (Umweltatlas Hessen):^[2]

34 West Hesse Lowlands and Highlands (Westhessisches Berg- und Senkenland)
- 340 Waldeck Upland (Waldecker Tafel or Waldecker Tafelland)
  - 340.0 Waldeck Plain (Waldecker Gefilde)
  - 340.1 Waldeck Forest (Waldecker Wald)
- 341 East Waldeck Border Lowlands (Ostwaldecker Randsenken)
  - 341.0 Middle Diemel Depression (Mitteldiemelsenke)
  - 341.1 Rhoda Depression (Rhoder Senken)
  - 341.2 Volkmarsen Basin (Volkmarser Becken)
  - 341.3 Wolfhagen Hills (Wolfhager Hügelland) (including the Elsberg Ridge and the Isthaberg
  - 341.4 Naumburg Depression and Ridge (Naumburger Senken und Rücken)
  - 341.5 Wildungen Depression (Wildunger Senke)
  - 341.6 Hessenwald
  - 341.7 Löwenstein Bottom (Löwensteiner Grund)
- 342 Habichtswald Highlands (Habichtswälder Bergland)
  - 342.0 Habichtswald (including Langenberg)
  - 342.1 Habichtswald Depression (Habichtswälder Senke)
  - 342.2 Hinter Habichtswald Hills (Hinterhabichtswälder Kuppen)
  - 342.3 Dörnberg and Schreckenberge
  - 342.4 Malsburg Forest (Malsburger Wald)
- 343 West Hesse Depression (Westhessische Senke)
  - 343.0 Schwalm
  - 343.1 Landsburg Depression (Landsburger Senke)
  - 343.2 Hessengau
  - 343.3 Kassel Basin (Kasseler Becken)
  - 343.4 Hofgeismar Depression (Hofgeismarer Rötsenke)
  - 343.5 North Habichtswald Foreland (Nordhabichtswälder Vorland)
- 344 Kellerwald
  - 344.0 High Kellerwald (Hoher Kellerwald)
  - 344.1 Middle Kellerwald (Mittelkellerwald)
  - 344.2 Wildungen Highlands (Wildunger Bergland)
  - 344.3 Große Hardt
  - 344.4 Herzhausen-Hemfurth Eder Valley (Herzhausen-Hemfurther Edertal)
  - 344.5 Lower Kellerwald (Niederkellerwald)
- 345 Burgwald
  - 345.0 Wetschaft Depression (Wetschaft-Senke)
  - 345.1 Northern Burgwald (Nördlicher Burgwald)
  - 345.2 Southern Burgwald (Südlicher Burgwald)
  - 345.3 Wohra Valley (Wohratal)
  - 345.4 Buntstruth
  - 345.5 Frankenberg Upland (Frankenberger Oberland)
- 346 Upper Hessian Ridge (Oberhessische Schwelle)
  - 346.0 Gilserberg Heights (Gilserberger Höhen)
  - 346.1 Neustadt Saddle (Neustädter Sattel)
  - 346.2 Northern Vogelsberg Foreland (Nördliches Vogelsberg-Vorland)
- 347 Amöneburg Basin (Amöneburger Becken)
  - 347.0 Ohm Depression (Ohmsenke)
  - 347.1 Ebsdorf Bottom (Ebsdorfer Grund)
- 348 Marburg-Gießen Lahn Valley (Marburg-Gießener Lahntal)
  - 348.0 Marburg Highlands (including Marburg Ridge and Lahnberge) (Marburger Bergland (mit Marburger Rücken und Lahnbergen))
  - 348.1 Giessen Basin (Gießener Becken)
- 349 Vogelsberg Foothills (Vorderer Vogelsberg)
  - 349.0 Lumda Plateau
  - 349.1 Ohm Valley (Ohmtal)
  - 349.2 Gießen Ridge (Gießener Landrücken)
  - 349.3 Laubach Hills (Laubacher Hügelland)

Landscape

The tectonics of the Upper Rhine Rift, which continues along the eastern edge of the Rhenish Massif as far as the Upper Weser Hills, form highlands and lowlands here that merge into the volcanic East Hesse Highlands beyond the West Hesse Depression on their eastern perimeter. The ridges never attain the height of the loftiest peaks of the highlands to the east and west.

Although the two highland areas of this Central Upland region reach heights of 675 m (Kellerwald) and 615 m (Habichtswald), the typical height of the ridges is more like 400 m. Between them, there are large river valleys and depressions, in places up to 200 m lower.

Location of the geographical units

The Habichtswald highlands, which are up to 615 m high, in the north are separated from the peaks of the Waldeck Plateau (Waldeck Plateau) to the west, generally between 400 und 500 m high, by the East Waldeck Basin (East Waldeck Basin). Immediately south of the plateau is the 675 m high Kellerwald. The latter runs away to the south, splitting into two ridges mainly around 400 m high: the Burgwald, to the southwest, and the Upper Hessian Ridge to the south.

South of the Burgwald is the Marburg-Gießen Lahn Valley to the west (up to 380 m high near the Lahnberge) and the Amöneburg Basin to the east, which is flat apart from the singularity of the 365 m high Amöneburg itself. The basin rises southwards into the 405 m high (Lumda Plateau) Vogelsberg foothills. In the far east, the West Hesse Depression runs alongside almost all the ridges mentioned, following the valleys of the Schwalm (south) and Eder (north).

The northern part of the Burgwald, the southwestern Kellerwald and the Upper Hessian Ridge form part of the Rhine-Weser watershed and link the Rothaargebirge with the Vogelsberg.

The many depressions in the West Hesse Highlands and Lowlands have led to a buildup of loess soils, which is why arable farming is widespread here.

Hills (selection)

Wüstegarten (675 m) - Kellerwald
Hohes Lohr (657 m) - Kellerwald
Große Aschkoppe (640 m) - Kellerwald
Hohes Gras (615 m) - Habichtswald
Großer Bärenberg (601 m) - Habichtswald
Hoher Dörnberg (579 m) - Habichtswald
Isthaberg (523 m) - Singularity within the East Waldeck Basin
Weidelsburg (492 m) - Singularity on the boundary of the East Waldeck Basin and Waldeck Plateau
Hundskopf (471 m) - north Upper Hessian Ridge
Heitzelberg (467 m) - Waldeck Plateau
Wasserberg (412 m) - central Burgwald
Mardorfer Kuppe (405 m) - Lumda Plateau
Dachsberg (388 m) - central Upper Hessian Ridge
Christenberg (387 m) - western Burgwald
Burgholz (380 m) - west of the Upper Hessian Ridge
Ortenberg (380 m) - Lahnberge
Frauenberg (370 m) - Lahnberge
Vogelheerd (370 m) - Marburg Ridge
Amöneburg (365 m) - Singularity in the Amöneburg Basin

Rivers

The main rivers in the West Hesse Highlands flow from the west out of the Rothaar Mountains: the Diemel (only right-hand tributaries, north), Eder (middle) and Lahn (only left-hand tributaries and river valley, south). Whilst the two rivers of the Weser river system in the extreme northeast (Diemel) and east (Eder) discharge into the West Hesse Depression, the Lahn leaves the Highlands after following a semi-circular course and heads southwest into the Rhine Massif again.

The right-hand tributaries of the Wetter, a tributary of the Nidda and thus part of the Main river system, only enter a small part of the Vogelsberg foothills in the extreme southeast. In addition, a few left tributaries of the Fulda from the Habichtswald highlands join the Fulda itself just below the Eder confluence.

Major rivers

The following table lists the most important rivers in the West Hesse Highlands, from north to south and internally in a downstream direction, i.e. mainly from west to east.^[3]

For a better overview or to sort them downstream based on the river system, enter the following DGKZ code numbers after the number 44 - Diemel, 428 - Eder, 24 - Fulda, 258 - Lahn and 2484 - Wetter.
Natural regions in italics are those outside the West Hesse Highlands; catchment areas and discharge quantities are given in italics where they only represent part of the total value (see footnotes below the table)!

Name	Main river	Length [km]	Catchment area [km²]	Discharge (MQ) [l/s]	Source region (of the tributaries)	Main units	DGKZ
Glinde^[4]	Diemel (r)	8.4	35.3		Waldeck Plain	340	44-32
Orpe	Diemel (r)	19.1	98.1	774.2	Waldeck Plateau	340	44-34
Twiste***^[4]	Diemel (r)	40.8	446.7	2,685.9	E. Sauerland Hills (Waldeck Plateau; Habichtswald - r)	332 (340; 342 - r)	44-4
Calenberger Bach (Holsterbach)***^[4]	Diemel (r)	9.1	34.0	88.7	Habichtswald	342	44-52
Warme	Diemel (r)	33.1	157.3	1,321.4	Habichtswald	342	44-6
Esse	Diemel (r)	27.6	191.9	1,187.8	West Hesse Depression	343	44-8
Itter*	Eder (l)	11.6	76.1	771.3	Waldeck Plain (E. Sauerland Hills)	340 (332)	428-531
Aselbach*	Eder (l)	6.6	18.1	135.4	Waldecker Fields	340	428-533
Werbe*	Eder (l)	13.2	42.3	322.6	Waldeck Plateau	340	428-537
Reiherbach*	Eder (l)	7.4	27.3	188.9	Waldeck Plateau	340	428-538
Netze	Eder (l)	12.9	29.0	169.5	Waldeck Plateau	340	428-554
Elbe	Eder (l)	33	123.5	731.3	Waldeck Forest (Habichtswald)	340 (342)	428-6
Ems	Eder (l)	34.1	146.2	753.3	Habichtswald	342	428-92
Pilgerbach	Eder (l)	8.8	25.6	102.2	Habichtswald	342	428-98
Bauna	Fulda (l)	17.2	47.4	333.8	Habichtswald	342	42-92
Grunnelbach	Fulda (l)	9.2	24.1	150.0	Habichtswald	342	42-94
Drusel**	Fulda (l)	11.4	11.0	96.4	Habichtswald	342	42-952
Ahne**	Fulda (l)	21.4	21.1	295.5	Habichtswald	342	42-958
Espe	Fulda (l)	8.6	24.3	159.5	Habichtswald	342	42-992
Nemphe	Eder (r)	14.2	38.4	293.5	Northern Burgwald	345	428-198
Lengelbach	Eder (r)	11.4	25.9	209.9	Northern Burgwald (Kellerwald - r)	345 (344)	428-32
Lorfe	Eder (r)	11.8	24.3	245.7	Kellerwald	344	428-512
Banferbach*	Eder (r)	7.2	16.4	213.9	Kellerwald	344	428-535
Wesebach	Eder (r)	25.3	63.4	618.2	Kellerwald	344	428-56
Wilde	Eder (r)	17.1	51.9	471.4	Kellerwald	344	428-58
Schwalm	Eder (r)	97.1	1,298.8	9,044.5	Vogelsberg (Fulda-Haune Tableland, Knüll - r; U. Hessian Ridge, Kellerwald - l)	350/1 (355, 356 - r; 346, 344 - l)	428-8
Wetschaft	Lahn (l)	29.0	196.2	1,701.6	Northern Burgwald (E. Sauerland Hills, Rothaargebirge - r)	345 (332, 333)	258-18
Ohm	Lahn (l)	59.7	983.8	7,949.8	Vogelsberg (U. Hessian Ridge, Kellerwald, Burgwald - r; Vogelsberg foothills - l)	350/1 (346, 344, 345 - r; 349 - l)	258-2
Zwester Ohm	Lahn (l)	20.0	69.5	405.2	Vogelsberg foothills	349	258-334
Lumda	Lahn (l)	30.0	131.5	950.4	Vogelsberg foothills	349	258-36
Wieseck	Lahn (l)	24.3	119.6	663.5	Vogelsberg foothills	349	258-38
Kleebach	Lahn (l)	26.9	164.6	815.9	Eastern Hintertaunus (Vogelsberg foothills - r)	302 (349)	258-396
Lauter	Wetter (r)	7.0	13.6	126.2	Vogelsberg foothills	349	2484-14
Äschersbach	Wetter (r)	13.6	42.9	325.3	Vogelsberg foothills	349	2484-2

(*: Edersee tributaries); **: Catchment area and discharge somewhat larger than given in the table, because the lower courses are combined with the Fulda sections; ***: Discharge value excluding confluence region in NRW)

Schwalm and Ohm

The two longest and biggest rivers in the table by far, the Schwalm and the Ohm, have a special role. They both emerge in the Vogelsberg, which the Ohm leaves after about 45% of its total length and 27% of its catchment area with roughly 35% of its volume^[3] (see also here). The Schwalm, on the other hand, leaves the Vogelsberg much earlier and receives about half its water volume at its mouth from right-hand tributaries from the East Hesse Highlands.

Because the river systems of both rivers drain several major areas, they may be considered more or less as major rivers.

Rivers which enter the Schwalm from the left out of the West Hesse Highlands include the following:

Schwalm
- Antreff (38,6 km, 115,3 km², 980.3 L/s, Vogelsberg/Northern Vogelsberg Foreland)
- Wiera (14,8 km, 87,8 km², 589.5 L/s, Upper Hessian Ridge)
- Gilsa (20,9 km, 93,6 km², 757.1 L/s, Gilserberg Heights/Kellerwald)
- Urff (20,1 km, 41,7 km², 494.6 L/s, Kellerwald)

Significant tributaries from the middle and lower courses of the Ohm are:

Ohm
- various smaller left tributaries (Vogelsberg foothills)
- Klein (r, 23,2 km, 163,4 km², 1122.9 L/s, Upper Hessian Ridge
- Wohra (r, 33,8 km, 285,9 km², 2010.3 L/s, Kellerwald)
  - various smaller left tributaries (Gilserberg Heights)
  - Schweinfe (r, 13,4 km, 54,6 km², 412.0 L/s, Kellerwald)
  - Bentreff (r, 13,1 km, 48,9 km², 267.7 L/s, Northern Burgwald)
- Rotes Wasser (r, 18,6 km, 51,0 km², 221.1 L/s, Burgwald)

Other rivers crossing the boundary of this natural region are the Twiste in the northwest, the Kleebach in the southwest and the Wetschaft in the west.

The Wetschaft, which is fed from the left by the Burgwald, receives more water at its confluence with the Treisbach (r, 16.8 km, 68.2 km²) flowing out of the Rothaargebirge (810 L/s) than it delivers to that point (666.2 L/s), despite the fact that it has already been fed from the right by the East Sauerland Hills

The Kleebach on the other hand draws most of its water from the Eastern Hintertaunus, only receiving a small quantity of water from the Vogelsberg foothills via its right-hand stream, the Lückenbach (12.0 km, 38.9 km², 139 km).

Opposite, the Twiste rises almost in the East Sauerland Hills, but receives, apart from this source region, all its water from the West Hesse Highlands. Likewise, only a little water flows into the Itter in the northwest from the eastern slopes of those particular hills.

Waterbodies

The largest and most important stretch of water in the West Hesse Highlands by far is the Edersee. Other lakes and reservoirs are listed below:

Name	Dammed river	Area [ha]	Catchment area [km²]	Discharge (MQ) [l/s]	Height above [NN]	Location	Main- units
Edersee	Eder	11.800	1.406,1	21.795,4	245	Kellerwald	344
Affolderner See	Eder	165	1.452.4	22.104,5	204	East Waldeck Basin	341
Twistesee	Twiste	76	125,3	828,6	210	Waldeck Forest	340
Antrift Valley Dam	Antreff	31	61,6	674,0	281	Northern Vogelsberg Foreland	346
Borkener See	(N/A)	139	3,5		177	West Hesse Depression	343
Singliser See	(N/A)	74			185	West Hesse Depression	343

Footnotes

^ Part of the East Hesse Highlands.
^ Divided by Dickinson (1964) into the West and East Hesse Depressions and the Vogelsberg-Meissner and Spessart-Rhön Axes.

References

Dickinson, Robert E. (1964). Germany: A regional and economic geography (2nd ed.). London: Methuen.

^ Dierck Henningsen (1986), Einführung in die Geologie der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (in German) (3. ed.), Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke Verlag, pp. 49–54, ISBN 3-432-88513-X
^ Karte und Beschreibung des Westhessischen Berglandes im Umweltatlas Hessen
^ ^a ^b River data from WRRL Hessen
^ ^a ^b ^c River data from NRW at TIM online