88.00 at 0 °C
86.04 at 5 °C
84.11 at 10 °C
82.22 at 15 °C
80.36 at 20 °C
78.54 at 25 °C
76.75 at 30 °C
75.00 at 35 °C
73.28 at 40 °C
71.59 at 45 °C
69.94 at 50 °C
66.74 at 60 °C
63.68 at 70 °C
60.76 at 80 °C
57.98 at 90 °C
55.33 at 100 °C
12.2 J/(mol K) at −200 °C 15.0 J/(mol K) at −180 °C 17.3 J/(mol K) at −160 °C 19.8 J/(mol K) at −140 °C 24.8 J/(mol K) at −100 °C 29.6 J/(mol K) at −60 °C 32.77 J/(mol K) at −38.3 °C 33.84 J/(mol K) at −30.6 °C 35.20 J/(mol K) at −20.8 °C 36.66 J/(mol K) at −11.0 °C 37.19 J/(mol K) at −4.9 °C 37.84 J/(mol K) at −2.2 °C
75.97 J/(mol K) and 4.2176 J/(g·K) at 0 °C 75.52 J/(mol K) and 4.1921 J/(g·K) at 10 °C 75.33 J/(mol K) and 4.1818 J/(g·K) at 20 °C 75.28 J/(mol K) and 4.1787 J/(g·K) at 25 °C 75.26 J/(mol K) and 4.1784 J/(g·K) at 30 °C 75.26 J/(mol K) and 4.1785 J/(g·K) at 40 °C 75.30 J/(mol K) and 4.1806 J/(g·K) at 50 °C 75.37 J/(mol K) and 4.1843 J/(g·K) at 60 °C 75.46 J/(mol K) and 4.1895 J/(g·K) at 70 °C 75.58 J/(mol K) and 4.1963 J/(g·K) at 80 °C 75.74 J/(mol K) and 4.2050 J/(g·K) at 90 °C 75.94 J/(mol K) and 4.2159 J/(g·K) at 100 °C
1403 m/s at 0 °C 1427 m/s at 5 °C 1447 m/s at 10 °C 1481 m/s at 20 °C 1507 m/s at 30 °C 1526 m/s at 40 °C 1541 m/s at 50 °C 1552 m/s at 60 °C 1555 m/s at 70 °C 1555 m/s at 80 °C 1550 m/s at 90 °C 1543 m/s at 100 °C
Data in the table above is given for water–steam equilibria at various temperatures over the entire temperature range at which liquid water can exist. Pressure of the equilibrium is given in the second column in kPa. The third column is the heat content of each gram of the liquid phase relative to water at 0 °C. The fourth column is the heat of vaporization of each gram of liquid that changes to vapor. The fifth column is the work PΔV done by each gram of liquid that changes to vapor. The sixth column is the density of the vapor.
Melting point of ice at various pressures
Data obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 44th ed., p. 2390.
Note: ρ is density, n is refractive index at 589 nm,[clarification needed] and η is viscosity, all at 20 °C; Teq is the equilibrium temperature between two phases: ice/liquid solution for Teq < 0–0.1 °C and NaCl/liquid solution for Teq above 0.1 °C.
Additional data translated from German "Wasser (Stoffdaten)" page
The data that follows was copied and translated from the German language Wikipedia version of this page (which has moved to here). It provides supplementary physical, thermodynamic, and vapor pressure data, some of which is redundant with data in the tables above, and some of which is additional.
Physical and thermodynamic tables
In the following tables, values are temperature-dependent and to a lesser degree pressure-dependent, and are arranged by state of aggregation (s = solid, lq = liquid, g = gas), which are clearly a function of temperature and pressure. All of the data were computed from data given in "Formulation of the Thermodynamic Properties of Ordinary Water Substance for Scientific and General Use" (IAPWS , 1984) (obsolete as of 1995).[22] This applies to:
In the following table, material data are given for standard pressure of 0.1 MPa (equivalent to 1 bar). Up to 99.63 °C (the boiling point of water at 0.1 MPa), at this pressure water exists as a liquid. Above that, it exists as water vapor. Note that the boiling point of 100.0 °C is at a pressure of 0.101325 MPa (1 atm), which is the average atmospheric pressure.
Water/steam data table at standard pressure (0.1 MPa)
T °C
V dm3/kg
H kJ/kg
U kJ/kg
S kJ/(kg·K)
cp kJ/(kg·K)
γ 10−3/K
λ mW / (m·K)
η μPa·s
σ‡ mN/m
0
lq
1.0002
0.06
−0.04
−0.0001
4.228
−0.080
561.0
1792
75.65
5
1.0000
21.1
21.0
0.076
4.200
0.011
570.6
1518
74.95
10
1.0003
42.1
42.0
0.151
4.188
0.087
580.0
1306
74.22
15
1.0009
63.0
62.9
0.224
4.184
0.152
589.4
1137
73.49
20
1.0018
83.9
83.8
0.296
4.183
0.209
598.4
1001
72.74
25
1.0029
104.8
104.7
0.367
4.183
0.259
607.2
890.4
71.98
30
1.0044
125.8
125.7
0.437
4.183
0.305
615.5
797.7
71.20
35
1.0060
146.7
146.6
0.505
4.183
0.347
623.3
719.6
70.41
40
1.0079
167.6
167.5
0.572
4.182
0.386
630.6
653.3
69.60
45
1.0099
188.5
188.4
0.638
4.182
0.423
637.3
596.3
68.78
50
1.0121
209.4
209.3
0.704
4.181
0.457
643.6
547.1
67.95
60
1.0171
251.2
251.1
0.831
4.183
0.522
654.4
466.6
66.24
70
1.0227
293.1
293.0
0.955
4.187
0.583
663.1
404.1
64.49
80
1.0290
335.0
334.9
1.075
4.194
0.640
670.0
354.5
62.68
90
1.0359
377.0
376.9
1.193
4.204
0.696
675.3
314.6
60.82
99.63
lq
1.0431
417.5
417.4
1.303
4.217
0.748
679.0
283.0
58.99
g
1694.3
2675
2505
7.359
2.043
2.885
25.05
12.26
–
100
g
1696.1
2675
2506
7.361
2.042
2.881
25.08
12.27
58.92
200
2172.3
2874
2657
7.833
1.975
2.100
33.28
16.18
37.68
300
2638.8
3073
2810
8.215
2.013
1.761
43.42
20.29
14.37
500
3565.5
3488
3131
8.834
2.135
1.297
66.970
28.57
–
750
4721.0
4043
3571
9.455
2.308
0.978
100.30
38.48
–
1000
5875.5
4642
4054
9.978
2.478
0.786
136.3
47.66
–
‡ The values for surface tension for the liquid section of the table are for a liquid/air interface. Values for the gas section of the table are for a liquid/saturated steam interface.
Triple point
In the following table, material data are given with a pressure of 611.7 Pa (equivalent to 0.006117 bar). Up to a temperature of 0.01 °C, the triple point of water, water normally exists as ice, except for supercooled water, for which one data point is tabulated here. At the triple point, ice can exist together with both liquid water and vapor. At higher temperatures, the data are for water vapor only.
Water/steam data table at triple point pressure (0.0006117 MPa)
T °C
V dm3/kg
H kJ/kg
U kJ/kg
S kJ/(kg·K)
cp kJ/(kg·K)
γ 10−3/K
λ mW / (m·K)
η μPa·s
0
lq
1.0002
−0.04
−0.04
−0.0002
4.339
−0.081
561.0
1792
0.01
s
1.0908
−333.4
−333.4
−1.221
1.93
0.1
2180
–
lq
1.0002
0.0
0
0
4.229
−0.080
561.0
1791
g
205986
2500
2374
9.154
1.868
3.672
17.07
9.22
5
g
209913
2509
2381
9.188
1.867
3.605
17.33
9.34
10
213695
2519
2388
9.222
1.867
3.540
17.60
9.46
15
217477
2528
2395
9.254
1.868
3.478
17.88
9.59
20
221258
2537
2402
9.286
1.868
3.417
18.17
9.73
25
225039
2547
2409
9.318
1.869
3.359
18.47
9.87
30
228819
2556
2416
9.349
1.869
3.304
18.78
10.02
35
232598
2565
2423
9.380
1.870
3.249
19.10
10.17
40
236377
2575
2430
9.410
1.871
3.197
19.43
10.32
45
240155
2584
2437
9.439
1.872
3.147
19.77
10.47
50
243933
2593
2444
9.469
1.874
3.098
20.11
10.63
60
251489
2612
2459
9.526
1.876
3.004
20.82
10.96
70
259043
2631
2473
9.581
1.880
2.916
21.56
11.29
80
266597
2650
2487
9.635
1.883
2.833
22.31
11.64
90
274150
2669
2501
9.688
1.887
2.755
23.10
11.99
100
281703
2688
2515
9.739
1.891
2.681
23.90
12.53
200
357216
2879
2661
10.194
1.940
2.114
32.89
16.21
300
432721
3076
2811
10.571
2.000
1.745
43.26
20.30
500
583725
3489
3132
11.188
2.131
1.293
66.90
28.57
750
772477
4043
3571
11.808
2.307
0.977
100.20
38.47
1000
961227
4642
4054
12.331
2.478
0.785
136.30
47.66
Saturated vapor pressure
The following table is based on different, complementary sources and approximation formulas, whose values are of various quality and accuracy. The values in the temperature range of −100 °C to 100 °C were inferred from D. Sunday (1982) and are quite uniform and exact. The values in the temperature range of the boiling point of water up to the critical point (100 °C to 374 °C) are drawn from different sources and are substantially less accurate; hence they should be used only as approximate values.[23][24][25][26]
To use the values correctly, consider the following points:
The values apply only to smooth interfaces and in the absence other gases or gas mixtures such as air. Hence they apply only to pure phases and need a correction factor for systems in which air is present.
The values were not computed according formulas widely used in the US, but using somewhat more exact formulas (see below), which can also be used to compute further values in the appropriate temperature ranges.
The saturated vapor pressure over water in the temperature range of −100 °C to −50 °C is only extrapolated [Translator's note: Supercooled liquid water is not known to exist below −42 °C].
The values have various units (Pa, hPa or bar), which must be considered when reading them.
Formulas
The table values for −100 °C to 100 °C were computed by the following formulas, where T is in kelvins and vapor pressures, Pw and Pi, are in pascals.
For temperature range: 173.15 K to 273.15 K or equivalently −100 °C to 0 °C
At triple point
An important basic value, which is not registered in the table, is the saturated vapor pressure at the triple point of water. The internationally accepted value according to measurements of Guildner, Johnson and Jones (1976) amounts to:
Pw(ttp = 0.01 °C) = 611.657 Pa ± 0.010 Pa at (1 − α) = 99%
^Maksyutenko, Pavlo; Rizzo, Thomas R.; Boyarkin, Oleg V. (2006). "A direct measurement of the dissociation energy of water". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 125 (18): 181101. Bibcode:2006JChPh.125r1101M. doi:10.1063/1.2387163. PMID17115729.
^Hoy, AR; Bunker, PR (1979). "A precise solution of the rotation bending Schrödinger equation for a triatomic molecule with application to the water molecule". Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy. 74 (1): 1–8. Bibcode:1979JMoSp..74....1H. doi:10.1016/0022-2852(79)90019-5.
^Dean & Lange 1999, p. 1199: Due to the old definition of liter used at the time, the data from the Handbook was converted from old g/ml to g/cm3, by multiplying by 0.999973
^"IAPWS". Main IAPWS Thermodynamic Property Formulations. Retrieved 4 May 2023. In 1995, IAPWS approved a new formulation of the thermodynamic properties of water and steam for general and scientific use. This replaced the 1984 formulation of Haar, Gallagher and Kell, and now serves as the international standard for water's thermodynamic properties.
^Klaus Scheffler (1981): Wasserdampftafeln: thermodynam. Eigenschaften von Wasser u. Wasserdampf bis 800°C u. 800 bar (Water Vapor Tables: Thermodynamic Characteristics of Water and Water Vapor to 800°C and 800 bar), Berlin [u.a.] ISBN3-540-10930-7
^D. Sonntag und D. Heinze (1982): Sättigungsdampfdruck- und Sättigungsdampfdichtetafeln für Wasser und Eis. (Saturated Vapor Pressure and Saturated Vapor Density Tables for Water and Ice)(1. Aufl.), VEB Deutscher Verlag für Grundstoffindustrie
^Ulrich Grigull, Johannes Staub, Peter Schiebener (1990): Steam Tables in SI-Units – Wasserdampftafeln. Springer-Verlagdima gmbh
^ abcWeast, Robert (1983–1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 64th edition. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC publishing. pp. E-119. ISBN0-8493-0464-4.
Linstrom, Peter J.; Mallard, William G. (eds.); NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg (MD)
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