Wadi Maghareh

In the turquoise mines at Maghara

mfkꜣ Town of Turquoise[1] in hieroglyphs

Lepsius-Projekt at Kingdom of Egypt

Wadi Maghareh (also spelled Maghara or Magharah, meaning "The Valley of Caves" in Egyptian Arabic) is an archaeological site located in the southwestern Sinai Peninsula, Egypt. It contains pharaonic monuments and turquoise mines dating from the Old, Middle and New Kingdoms of Ancient Egypt. The Ancient Egyptians knew the site as "the Terraces of Turquoise."^[2]

History

The site was rediscovered in 1809 by Ulrich Jasper Seetzen, and since then has seen several excavation teams, Richard Lepsius's excavation in 1845 being the first. Major C. K. McDonald's visits to the site, including residence at the site from 1854–1866 (and an effort to mine turquoise there) resulted in only surface finds (arrowheads and such) with no further excavation.^[2][3] A British Ordnance Survey of the site was made in 1868–1869, a Harvard University expedition took place in 1932, and several Israeli excavations occurred between 1967 and 1982, among others.^[2]

Monuments, buildings and inscriptions

Ancient Egyptian monuments, buildings and inscriptions span the period from the Third to Twenty-Ninth Dynasties (ca. 2700 BC–1100 BC),^[4] although most monuments date only to the Twelfth Dynasty.^[5] Two Third Dynasty rock tables of king Sanakht are found in the valley, as is one of Djoser and two virtually identical tables of king Sekhemkhet.^[2][6] Tables of Sneferu and Khufu from the Fourth Dynasty are also found there.^[4][7] The Fifth Dynasty king Sahure's funerary temple at Abusir has a relief representing him dispatch of a fleet to the Red Sea, probably to collect turquoise at Maghareh.^[8] Sahure raised a monument depicting himself "smiting the Mentju of all foreign lands" which was found at Maghareh. Fifth Dynasty rock tablets include those of King Nyuserre Ini accompanied by a libation vase and images of the gods Horus and Thoth, one of king Menkauhor Kaiu, and three of king Djedkare Isesi.^[2]

In addition to pharaonic monuments, an Old Kingdom settlement was founded on the summit of a hill in Wadi Igneh containing 125 rough stone structures containing wood ash and potsherds, some of which are of Nile Valley clay.^[2]

• 
  Relief of Sneferu, Wadi Maghara.^[7]
• 
  Relief of Khufu, Wadi Maghara.^[7]
• 
  Relief of Sahure, Wadi Maghara.
• 
  Relief of Nyuserre Ini, Wadi Maghara.
• 
  Relief of Menkauhor Kaiu, Wadi Maghara.^[7]
• 
  Relief of Djedkare Isesi, Wadi Maghara.^[7]

References

1. Gauthier, Henri (1926). Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques. Vol. 3. p. 34.
2. G. D. Mumford: "Wadi Maghara", in Kathryn A. Bard and Steven Blake Shubert, eds. Encyclopedia of the Archeology of Ancient Egypt(New York: Routledge, 1999), p. 875-876.
3. John D. Cooney, "Major Macdonald, a Victorian Romantic," The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, Vol. 58, (Aug., 1972), p. 281.
4. Bard and Shubert, eds. Encyclopedia of the Archeology of Ancient Egypt, 876.
5. A. Barrois, "The Mines of Sinai," The Harvard Theological Review, Vol. 25, No. 2 (Apr., 1932), p. 119.
6. A, Mr (2010-12-04). "Chrome Yellow: Wadi Maghara Sinai 1999". Chrome Yellow. Retrieved 2018-02-26.
7. Karl Richard Lepsius: Denkmaler Abtheilung II Band III Available online see p. 2, p. 39
8. Hall, The Ancient History of the Near East from Earliest Times to the Battle of Salamis, 3rd Ed., p. 131.

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