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Vicente de Zaldívar
Vicente de Zaldívar
Born	c. 1573; Zacatecas
Died	before 1650; Zacatecas
Spouse	María de Oñate
Children	Nicolas de Zaldívar y Oñate
Parent(s)	Vicente de Zaldívar, Sr.; Magdalena de Mendoza y Salazar
Relatives	Cristóbal de Oñate (paternal great-uncle); Juan de Oñate (paternal uncle & second cousin); Juan de Zaldívar (brother)

Vicente de Zaldívar (c. 1573 – before 1650) was a Spanish soldier and explorer in New Mexico. He led the Spanish force which perpetrated the Acoma Massacre at the Acoma Pueblo in 1599. He led or participated in several expeditions onto the Great Plains.

Early life

Vicente de Zaldívar was born in Pánuco, Zacatecas, circa 1573.^[2] The Zaldivar and Oñate families of Zacatecas and New Mexico were prominent and intertwined. His father, Vicente de Zaldívar Sr., served in the Chichimeca War of 1550-1590 and other wars alongside his uncle (thus Vicente's great-uncle), Cristóbal de Oñate.^[3] His mother was Magdalena de Mendoza y Salazar.^[2] He had a brother, Juan de Zaldívar.^[2] Juan de Oñate, the founder of the Spanish colony of New Mexico in 1598, was their uncle and second cousin.^[2]^[3]

Career

In 1595, Zaldívar was appointed Sargento mayor by his uncle, Juan de Oñate, in their colonization of New Mexico for the Spanish Crown.^[2]^[3] They arrived in New Mexico in 1598.^[2]

Buffalo hunting

Food and resources were scarce in the young colony of New Mexico. On September 15, 1598, Zaldivar and his guide, Jusepe Gutierrez, led a group of 60 men onto the Great Plains to determine whether Bison, the American buffalo, could be domesticated. Departing from Pecos Pueblo, Zaldivar journeyed 57 leagues eastward, about 250 kilometres (160 mi), probably to the Canadian River valley. There he found huge herds of buffalo. Zaldivar and his men constructed a large corral in which they attempted to capture several thousand buffalo. The buffalo were recalcitrant and killed three horses and wounded 40 more. Zaldivar then captured a number of buffalo calves, but all of them quickly died. Failing in the attempt to domesticate buffalo, Zaldivar focused instead on hunting and returned to the Spanish settlements with 80 arobas, about 1,000 kilograms (2,200 lb) of buffalo fat. He proclaimed buffalo meat superior to the beef of Spanish cows. Zaldivar and his men arrived back at the Spanish settlements on November 8, 1598.^[4]^[5]

Acoma

After his brother Juan de Zaldívar and other Spaniards were killed by Native Americans at Acoma Pueblo in New Mexico on December 4, 1598, Zaldívar was promoted to Maestre de Campo, second in command to Oñate.^[2] In January 1599, Zaldívar avenged his brother's death in an attack on Acoma, culminating in the Acoma Massacre in which hundreds of Acomans were killed or enslaved.^[2] Poet Gaspar Pérez de Villagrá subsequently wrote a poem about his victory.^[3]

Jumano War

Zaldívar was maestro de campo in the expedition to Quivira in 1601.^[3] During that process, he encountered the Jumano people and participated in the Jumano War of 1601.^[3]

Personal life

Zaldívar married María de Oñate, who was his cousin (Juan de Oñate's daughter).^[2] Their only offspring was a son, Nicolas de Zaldívar y Oñate, who was later appointed Adelantado.^[3]^[6]

Later life and death

Zaldívar received the Order of Santiago in 1626.^[2] He died by 1650.^[2]

References

^ "Juan and Vicente de Zaldivar," http://newmexicohistory.org/people/juan-and-vicente-de-zaldivar, accessed 30 Mar 2019
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Chipman, Donald E. (June 15, 2010). "ZALDIVAR, VICENTE DE". Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved 29 August 2015.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Hickerson, Nancy P. (Winter 1996). "The Servicios of Vicente de Zaldívar: New Light on the Jumano War of 1601". Ethnohistory. 43 (1): 127–144. doi:10.2307/483346. JSTOR 483346.
^ Kenner, Chrles L. (1969), A History of New Mexican-Plains Indian Relations, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, pp. 98-99.
^ "Southwest Crossroads: Expedition to the Buffalo Plains, 1898," [1], accessed 26 Mar 2019
^ Simmons, Marc (1993). The Last Conquistador: Juan de Onate and the Settling of the Far Southwest. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 189. ISBN 0-8061-2338-9.