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In modern English, the nouns vates (/ˈveɪtiːz/) and ovate (UK: /ˈɒvət, ˈoʊveɪt/, US: /ˈoʊveɪt/), are used as technical terms for ancient Celtic bards, prophets and philosophers. The terms correspond to a Proto-Celtic word which can be reconstructed as *wātis.^[1] They are sometimes also used as English equivalents to later Celtic terms such as Irish fáith "prophet, seer".

History of terminology

The terminology discussed in this article relates to an Old Celtic word which can be reconstructed as *wātis. This word is not directly attested, but is inferred from renderings into Greek and Latin and from its descendants in later Celtic languages.

Vates in English is a borrowing of a Latin noun vātēs (pronounced [ˈwaːteːs]), "prophet, poet". This Latin noun was either a cognate of Celtic *wātis (in which case the two words were descended from a common Italo-Celtic origin),^[2]^[3] or else a loanword directly from Celtic.^[1] Despite being borrowed from the Latin form, the English word is generally used to refer to ancient Celtic seers rather than Roman ones.

Ovate in English is a borrowing and adaptation of a Greek rendering of the same Celtic term *wātis, first attested in the work of the Ancient Greek writer Strabo. Strabo rendered the Celtic term in Greek in the plural as ouáteis (οὐάτεις, Koine: [uáːtiːs]).^[1]^[4] The English word ovate is pronounced the way it is due to a misunderstanding of how the Greek word was pronounced.

Proto-Celtic *wātis developed in medieval Irish as fáith "prophet, seer". Less directly, it is related to gwawd "panegyric" in Welsh.^[1]^[4]

Celtic wātis is widely thought to have cognates in the Germanic languages, such as the Gothic term wods "possessed"^[3] (though Ludwig Rübekeil 2003 has suggested that the name of the Common Germanic deity *Wōđinaz may in fact be an early loanword, an adjective *vatinos based on Celtic vates).

If the Celtic word *wātis, the Latin vates, and similar Germanic words are cognates rather than borrowings, they can be derived from an Indo-European word *(H)ueh₂t-i- "seer".^[3]

Virgil uses the Latin vannus "winnowing basket" (conceivably from *wat-nos, compare Old High German wadal, modern German Wedel, with the same meaning, from *wat-lo-) for something carried about in the Bacchic festival, suggesting that the root may have had an ecstatic sense in Italic also. The likelihood of this etymology and its relevance to the word vates is, however, doubtful.^[3]

"Ovate" is used as a direct translation of the Welsh word ofydd (derived from the Roman poet Ovid)^[5] and it is also plausible that ovate is derived from ofydd.

History of the institution

Ancient Rome

The earliest Latin writers used vates to denote prophets and soothsayers in general; the word fell into disuse in Latin until it was revived by Virgil.^[6] Thus Ovid could describe himself as the vates of Eros (Amores 3.9).

In pagan Rome the vates resided on the Vatican Hill, the Hill of the Vates. The Vatican Hill takes its name from the Latin word Vaticanus, a vaticiniis ferendis^{[clarification needed]}, in allusion to the oracles, or vaticinia, which were anciently delivered on the Vatican Hill.^[7] (When the papacy was returned to Rome from Avignon (France) in the 14th century, the Vatican became the residence of the Pope, and the word Vatican came to refer to the enclave in the middle of Rome that had become the seat of the Roman Catholic Church.^[8])

Celtic civilisation

According to the ancient Greek writers Strabo,^[9] Diodorus Siculus,^[9] and Poseidonius, the vates (οὐάτεις) were one of three classes of Celtic priesthood, the other two being the druids and the bards. The Vates had the role of seers and performed sacrifices (in particular administering human sacrifice) under the authority of a druid according to Roman and Christian interpretation.

Modern usage

Thomas Carlyle discussed the similarities and differences between the "Vates Prophet" and the "Vates Poet" in On Heroes, Hero-Worship, & the Heroic in History (1841).^[10]

Vates or Ovates make up one of the three grades of the Order of Bards, Ovates and Druids, a neo-druidism order based in England.

An ovate is also the initial level one can attain in the modern Welsh Gorsedd of Bards. The Gorsedd is not a neo-druidic entity like the one mentioned above, but is more concerned with Welsh arts and culture; however, the ceremony and practices are largely based on reimaginings of druidism by Iolo Morganwg.

Citations

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Bernhard Maier, Dictionary of Celtic Religion and Culture, trans. by Cyril Edwards (Woodbridge: Boydell, 1997), p. 278 [s.v. vates] [first published as Lexikon der keltischen Religion und Kultur (Stuttgart: Kröner, 1994).
^ Arnaud Fournet, 'About the Ethnolinguistics of Gaulish People: The Case for a Kartic Substrate', The Macro-Comparative Journal, 2.1 (2011), 1-15 (p. 8).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Michiel de Vaan, Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the Other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series, 7 (Leiden: Brill, 2008), p. 656 [s.v. vātēs, -is].
^ ^a ^b "Ovate, n.1." OED Online, Oxford University Press, December 2018, www.oed.com/view/Entry/134224. Accessed 7 December 2018.
^ University of Wales Dictionary
^ "Vates". Archived from the original on 2005-11-25. Retrieved 2005-04-29.
^ Sources: Compendious Description of the Museums of Ancient Sculpture, Greek and Roman, in the Vatican Palace, by Cav. H. J. Massi, First Curator of the Vatican Museums and Galleries, Paleographer and Professor of the Italian and French Languages, Rome, Third Edition, 1889, Title page, page 7.
^ Lo Bello, Nino (1998). Incredible Book of Vatican Facts and Papal Curiosities. Liguori Publications. p. 135. ISBN 0-7648-0171-6.
^ ^a ^b Ovates or Vates: The Shamans
^ Carlyle, Thomas (1841). "Lecture III. The Hero as Poet. Dante: Shakspeare.". On Heroes, Hero-Worship, and the Heroic in History.