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Tylihul Estuary
Tylihul Estuary
	Tylihul Estuary near Koshary, Odesa Oblast
	Tylihul Estuary Tylihul Estuary
Location	Black Sea
Coordinates	46°46′0″N 31°10′0″E / 46.76667°N 31.16667°E
River sources	Tylihul River
Ocean/sea sources	Atlantic Ocean
Basin countries	Ukraine
Max. length	60 km (37 mi)
Max. width	4.5 km (2.8 mi)
Surface area	135 km2 (52 sq mi)
Average depth	5 m (16 ft)
Max. depth	21 m (69 ft)
Salinity	14–23 ‰
Settlements	Kobleve
Ramsar Wetland
Official name	Tylihul Estuary
Designated	23 November 1995
Reference no.	766

Tylihul Estuary also called Tylihulskyi lyman (Ukrainian: Тилігульський лиман)^[2] or simply Tiligul is a Ramsar listed^[3] government protected estuary or liman of the Tylihul River. Located in Odesa Oblast in the south of Ukraine, the estuary includes an ornithological game reserve and the Tylihulskyi Regional Landscape Park situated on the East coast.^[4]

The name of the water body originates from the Turkish: Deli Göl, meaning "mad, rabid lake".

Geography

Tylihul is one of the purest estuaries (brackish lagoons) on the northwest coast of the Black Sea,^[3] although there are some ecological concerns related to the existence of the bottom ammoniac tube and due to intensive fertilizing of the surrounding agricultural fields.

The estuary has a length 80 km, width 0.2–3.5 km, and a depth up to 19 m. The isolation of the estuary from the Black Sea occurred in the 18th to 19th centuries. Now it is isolated from the sea by a 7-km long and 4-km wide peresyp shoal. The peresyp is covered by solonchaks and small lakes. The estuary has periodical connections with the sea via a narrow canal. Due to the canal the water level in the estuary is the same as in the Black Sea.

On the peresyp of the estuary and on the nearby water area, the ornithological nature reserve Tylihulsky Peresyp is located.^{[citation needed]}

Until the end of the 1960s the estuary consisted of almost fresh water, while by the 1970s it was taking more and more salinity from the Black Sea, changing its flora and fauna gradually.

Tylihul valley creates the number of so-called valley winds, as at summer time the sea breeze winds may go much further into the continent. The local winds are usually much stronger here.

Flora and fauna

Phytoplankton

In total, 118 species and taxa of microalgae are registered in the Tylihul Estuary: Diatom algae – 51 species, Dinophyta – 31 species, Chlorophyta – 13 species, Chrysophyta – 8 species, Cyanobacteria – 7 species, Cryptophyta – 6 species, Euglenophyta – 2 species.

Zooplankton

There are 20 taxa of zooplankton are registered in the estuary at this time. Most numerous are copepods Acartia clausi and Calanipeda aqua-dulcis.

Fish

63 species of fish have been listed for the water body, including 7 introduced species. Common commercial fish in the estuary are gobies, sand-smelt, and Black Sea sprat. Until 1979 fish such as roach, zander, carp, goldfish were numerous and caught for fishing. Now, fishing in the estuary consists of haarder, which comes from the sea through the canal, and also sand-smelt and gobies.

Tourism and use

Odesa Paragliding Club at Kalynivka, Tylihul

Touristic and commercial infrastructure on the coasts of the Tylihul estuary is not yet well developed. Even in the summer the number of tourists is relatively low, though numerous private houses (dachas) were built on the western coast of the estuary in the 1980s and 1990s.

The bottom of the estuary is covered by black therapeutic mud, or peloid, which is used for medicinal purposes. The estimated volume of the peloid is about 14 million tons.

On the west coast of the Tylihul Estuary is a village Petrivka, previously Pokrovske, where the castle of Ivan Kuris is located.

The estuary of Tylihul is well-suited for many out-door activities, such as kitesurfing and windsurfing, annual international competitions are held on the east coast. Mountain-biking is also popular, and "Kalynivka" (informally called by locals "the Jug"), located in the Gulf of Kairy is the most popular paragliding site in Southern Ukraine and Odesa Oblast.^[5]

Notes and references

^ "Tyligulskyi Liman". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
^ A variety of English names are used: Tylihul'skyi liman on Google Maps, Tylihulskyi on Bing Maps, Tylihul's'kyy Lyman on Collins Maps, Tylyhulskyi on Tylyhulskyi Yahoo Maps, Tylihul Estuary at the Encyclopedia of Ukraine, and Tyligulskyi Liman at the Ramsar database Archived 2014-03-25 at the Wayback Machine.
^ ^a ^b The Annotated Ramsar List: Ukraine
^ Map of Tylihulskyi Regional Park
^ Odesa Paragliding Club

References

Starushenko L.I., Bushuyev S.G. (2001) Prichernomorskiye limany Odeschiny i ih rybohoziaystvennoye znacheniye. Astroprint, Odesa, 151 pp. (in Russian)
North-western Black Sea: biology and ecology, Eds.: Y.P. Zaitsev, B.G. Aleksandrov, G.G. Minicheva, Naukova Dumka, Kyiv, 2006, 701 pp.