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Turks in Kosovo
Turqit në Kosovë (Albanian); Kosova'daki Türkler (Turkish)
Total population
	18,738 (2011 census); (1.1% of Kosovo's population); Other estimates: 30,000 to 50,000; (about 1–2% of Kosovo's population);
Regions with significant populations
	Mamusha; Prizren; Pristina;
Languages
	Balkan Gagauz Turkish; Turkish; Albanian; Serbian;
Religion
	Sunni Islam; Sufism; Irreligion;
Related ethnic groups
	Albanians, Balkan Turks, Gagauz people, Turkish people and other Turkic peoples

Turks in Kosovo (Albanian: Turqit në Kosovë), also known as Kosovo Turks or Kosovan Turks (Turkish: Kosova Türkleri, Albanian: Turqit Kosovar), are the ethnic Turks who constitute a minority group in Kosovo. Kosovo Turks make up the majority of inhabitans in Mamusha but also form considerable communities in Pristina and Prizren. Although some Turks settled Kosovo after the Ottoman Conquest, the vast majority of Kosovo Turks are of Albanian origin.

History

Turkish settlement into Kosovo began in the late 14th century after the medieval Serbian state lost the Battle of Kosovo and the territory came under Ottoman rule. Although Turkish colonists began arriving in 1389–1455 when, during the Ottoman conquest, numbers of soldiers, officials, and merchants began to make their appearance in the major towns of Kosovo, the overwhelming majority of modern Turks in Kosovo are of Albanian origin.^[5]^[6]

During Ottoman rule, the cities of Prizren, Mitrovica, Vushtrri, Gjilan and Pristina experienced a widespread phenomenon where villagers settling in the cities would, upon arrival, begin adopting Turkish customs and the Turkish language. Those who settled in these urban environments, where Turkish was the language of communication with the government and the language of social prestige, opted to refer to themselves as Turks, in order to distinguish themselves from those who had not migrated to the cities and as a marker of socioeconomic status. A large number of these Turkified inhabitants still retain names alluding to their ethnic Albanian origin, usually consisting of tribal names such as Berisha, Bytyçi, Gashi, Hoti, Kastrati, Krasniqi, Kryeziu, Luma and others.^[6]

In 1912 the Ottoman Turks lost control over Kosovo and the region became a part of the Kingdoms of Serbia and Montenegro. From this point, Kosovo as a political entity was discontinued as the region was divided among new administrative units. Following the Austrian and Bulgarian occupation during World War I, Serbia and Montenegro became part of the newly created Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes in 1918. When the Axis powers occupied Yugoslavia in 1941, the former territory of Kosovo became part of Albania, which was itself controlled by Italy. With the defeat of the Axis powers, Yugoslavia, then ruled by Communists led by Josip Broz Tito, regained control over the region. In 1946, Kosovo returned to maps when a region bearing the name Kosovo and Metohija was granted autonomous status within FPR Yugoslavia.

After the Kosovo War, a variety of non-Albanian communities, including Serbs, Roma, Bosnians, Montenegrins, and even Turks, were persecuted by elements of the Kosovo Liberation Army and other Albanian extremists. This persecution took various forms, including killings, burning of houses, destruction of churches and monasteries, as well as threats against monks and nuns.^[7]

As a result of the Turkification policies enacted by the Yugoslavian government between 1948-1956, the number of registered Turks in Kosovo jumped from a mere 1,313 (or 0.2% of the population) in 1948 to 34,343 (4.3% of Kosovo's population) in the 1953 census. This was partly the result of the historical connotations of the word Turk, which had been synonymous with Muslim during the Ottoman era. These self declared Turks, almost exclusively consisting of ethnic Albanians, then began to emigrate to Turkey until 1958 on the basis of a bilateral agreement between Yugoslavia and Turkey.^[8]^[9]

Year of census	Turks	% of total population
Turks in Kosovo according to official censuses^[10]
1921	27,920	6.3%
1931	23,698	4.3%
1939	24,946	3.8%
1948	1,315	0.2%
1953	34,583	4.3%
1961	25,784	2.7%
1971	12,224	1.0%
1981	12,513	0.8%
2011	18,738	1.1%

Demographics

Population

In 1993, the Human Rights Watch stated that there was approximately 20,000 Kosovan Turks, constituting about 1% of Kosovo's population.^[11] More recent estimates suggest that there are now about 29,000 to 30,000 Turks living in Kosovo, forming between 1–2% of Kosovo's total population.^[4]^[3] According to the 2011 census 18,738 citizens declared themselves as Turks, constituting 1.1% of Kosovo's total population. The European Centre for minority Issues Kosovo has stated that:

The total census number for Turks (18,738) is somewhat lower than that of previous estimates. To give an example, in Lipjan/Lipljan, the figure of Turks decreases from 400–500 to 128. However, in the 2010 general elections, the Turkish political parties KDTP and KTB received together a total of 207 votes. Although members from other communities sometimes vote for Turkish parties and other issues need to be taken into account, this figure suggests that for this municipality the census figure may not be representative and that further analysis is needed.^[12]

Areas of settlement

The Turkish minority of Kosovo have a majority population in Mamusha. However, the largest Turkish population in Kosovo live in Prizren.^[13] They constitute roughly 5% of Prizren's population, and the town remains the historical, cultural and political centre of the Kosovan Turkish community.^[2] In the Gjilan municipality, the Turkish community resides mostly in the town of Gjilane and in the villages of Livoç i Epërm and Dobërçan, constituting between 0.9–1.1% of the total population of the municipality.^[2] Kosovan Turks living in Mitrovica amount to roughly 1.5% of its total population; in the southern part of the town, Kosovan Turks live scattered in the city, while those who live in northern region reside in the "Bosniak Mahalla" neighbourhood.^[2] In Vushtrri Turks constitute about 0.9% of the total population, and live scattered throughout the urban areas. In the Pristina region together with Turkish speaking Muslim Roma the Divanjoldjije Group, they are concentrated in the urban areas of the city, and constitute roughly 0.4% of the total municipal population, and in the rural settlements of Janjevo and Banullë/Bandulić in the Lipjan municipality, where they amount to 0.5% of the population.^[2]

Turkish population in Kosovo according to the 2011 census (Turkish majority in bold):

Municipality	Turks (2011 Census)^[14]	% Turkish
Prizren	9,091	5.11%
Mamusha	5,128	93.11%
Pristina	2,156	1.08%
Gjilan	978	1.08%
Mitrovicë	518	0.72%
Vushtrri	278	0.39%
Dragash	202	0.59%
Lipjan	128	0.22%
Fushë Kosovë	62	%
Pejë	59	%
Ferizaj	55	%
Gjakovë	16	%
Gračanica	15	%
Istog	10	%
Novo Brdo	7	%
Drenas	5	%
Kamenicë	5	%
Podujevë	5	%
Suharekë	4	%
Viti	4	%
Klinë	3	%
Kaçanik	2	%
Obiliq	2	%
Rahovec	2	%
Klokot	1	%
Skenderaj	1	%
Shtime	1	%
Kosovo total	18,738	1.1%

Politics

There are three Turkish political parties in Kosovo:

Turkish Public Front- under the leadership of Sezai Saipi
Turkish Democratic Union- under the leadership of Erhan Köroğlu, centred in Pristina
Turkish Democratic Party of Kosovo (KTDP)- under the leadership of Mahir Yağcılar, centred in Prizren (the only registered Turkish party of Kosovo)

Notable Kosovo Turks

Emin Açar [tr], politician
Gülsha Adilji, Swiss TV presenter (Turkish-Kosovar mother)^[15]
Mazhar Apa [tr], businessman
Cemil Arıcan [tr], politician
Tevfik Nazif Arıcan [tr], politician
Necmi Rıza Ayça [tr], cartoonist
Enver Baki [tr], writer
Mehmet Faik Baysal [tr], politician
Zeynel Beksaç [tr], writer, poet and short story writer
Süleyman Brina [tr], community leader
Aşık Çelebi, biographer, poet, and translator
Prizrenli Suzi Çelebi, poet and historiographer
Hacı Ömer Lütfü Efendi [tr], poet and writer
Cafer Tayyar Eğilmez, officer of the Ottoman Army and a general of the Turkish Army
Melih Gökçek, mayor of Ankara (1994–2017)
Nimetullah Hafız [tr], literary scholar and Turcologist
Adem Huduti [tr], military general
Suzan Kardeş [tr], singer and actress
Hikmet Kıvılcımlı, communist leader, theoretician, writer, publicist, and translator
Abdurrahman Şeref Laç [tr], politician
Hasan Mercan [tr], poet and writer
Gani Müjde [tr], writer, cartoonist, screenwriter, director and presenter
Ahmet Samim, journalist and liberal politician; founding member of the Liberty Party
Ali Haydar Şen, businessman
Naci Şensoy, football manager and former player
Yahya Kemal Beyatlı, Turkish poet and author, as well as a politician and diplomat
İsmet Tavgaç [tr], politician
Ekrem Behçet Tezel [tr], politician
Razi Trak [tr], former president of Fenerbahçe S.K.
Güner Ureya, first Ambassador of the Republic of Kosovo to the People's Republic of Bangladesh
Nusret Dişo Ülkü [tr], writer, poet and short story writer
Vehbi Varlık [tr], businessman
Mahir Yağcılar, President of the Turkish Democratic Party of Kosovo

Ottoman architecture

Ottoman mosque, Prizren.
An Ottoman mosque in Prizren.
Prizren.
League of Prizren building in Prizren.

See also the Mosque of Muderis Ali Efendi

References

^ http://esk.rks-gov.net/rekos2011/repository/flipbook/1/Te%20dhenat%20kryesore_ALB/#/0 ^{[dead link‍]}
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e OSCE 2010, 3.
^ ^a ^b Cole 2011, 368.
^ ^a ^b Today's Zaman. "Kosovo Turks' fear of Albanianization". Retrieved 2012-02-24.
^ Elsie 2010, 276.
^ ^a ^b Gashi, Skënder (2015). ONOMASTIC-HISTORICAL RESEARCH ON EXTINCT AND ACTUAL MINORITIES OF KOSOVA. ASHAK. p. 724.
^ Jacobs, Steven L. (2009). Confronting Genocide: Judaism, Christianity, Islam. Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-3589-1. The KLA and other Albanian extremists sought to expel almost all non-Albanians (Serbs, Roma, Bosnians, Montenegrins, and even Turks). Some were killed, houses were burned, churches and monasteries destroyed.
^ Baltic 2007, 29.
^ Gashi, Skënder (2015). ONOMASTIC-HISTORICAL RESEARCH ON EXTINCT AND ACTUAL MINORITIES OF KOSOVA. ASHAK. pp. 245–246.
^ Mertus 1999, 316–317.
^ Human Rights Watch 1993, 54.
^ European Centre for minority Issues Kosovo 2012, 6.
^ O'Neill 2002, 56.
^ Kosovo Agency of Statistics. "Population by gender, ethnicity at settlement level". p. 12. Archived from the original on 2016-05-08. Retrieved 2016-04-29.
^ Jikhareva, Anna (2015), Sind Sie eine Mustermigrantin von Zwinglis Gnaden?, WOZ Die Wochenzeitung, retrieved 6 May 2021, Frau Adilji, Ihre Mutter stammt aus Pristina, ist aber ursprünglich Türkin. Ihr Vater wuchs als Albaner in einem serbischen Dorf nahe der kosovarischen Grenze auf.

Bibliography

Baltic, Nina (2007), Theory and Practice of Human and Minority Rights under the Yugoslav Communist System (PDF), MIRICO: Human and Minority Rights in the Life Cycle of Ethnic Conflicts.
Cole, Jeffrey (2011), Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, ISBN 978-1-59884-302-6.
Elsie, Robert (2010), Historical Dictionary of Kosovo, Scarecrow Press, ISBN 978-0-8108-7231-8.
European Centre for minority Issues Kosovo (2012), Minority Communities in the 2011 Kosovo Census Results: Analysis and Recommendations (PDF), European Centre for minority Issues Kosovo, archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-01-03.
Human Rights Watch (1993), Open Wounds: Human Rights Abuses in Kosovo, Human Rights Watch, ISBN 1-56432-131-2.
Mertus, Julie (1999), Kosovo: How Myths and Truths Started a War, University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-21865-5.
O'Neill, William G. (2002), Kosovo: An Unfinished Peace, Lynne Rienner Publishers, ISBN 1-58826-021-6.
OSCE (2010), "Community Profile: Kosovo Turks", Kosovo Communities Profile, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.