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The Troglodytae (Greek: Τρωγλοδύται, Trōglodytai), or Troglodyti (literally "cave goers"), were people mentioned in various locations by many ancient Greek and Roman geographers and historians, including Herodotus (5th century BCE), Agatharchides (2nd century BCE), Diodorus Siculus (1st century BCE), Strabo (64/63 BCE – c. 24 CE), Pliny (1st century CE), Josephus (37 – c. 100 CE), Tacitus (c. 56 – after 117 CE), Claudius Aelianus (c. 175 CE – c. 235 CE),^[1] Porphyry (c. 234 CE – c. 305 CE).^[2]

Greco-Roman period

The earlier references allude to Trogodytes (without the l), evidently derived from Greek trōglē, cave and dytes, divers.^[3]

In Herodotus

Herodotus referred to the Troglodytae in his Histories as being a people hunted by the Garamantes in Libya. He said that the Troglodytae were the swiftest runners of all humans known and that they ate snakes, lizards, and other reptiles. He also stated that their language was unlike any known to him, and sounded like the screeching of bats.^[4] Alice Werner (1913) believed (in passing) that this was a clear allusion to the early Khoisan, indigenous inhabitants of Southern Africa, because their languages contain distinctive click sounds.^[5]

In Aristotle

According to Aristotle (Hist. An. viii. 12) a dwarfish race of Troglodytes dwelt on the upper course of the Nile, who possessed horses and were in his opinion the Pygmies of fable.^[6]

In Diodorus

In ancient writing, apparently the best known of the African cave-dwellers were the inhabitants of the "Troglodyte country" (Ancient Greek: Τρωγλοδυτική) on the coast of the Red Sea, as far north as the Greek port of Berenice, of whom an account was preserved by Diodorus Siculus from Agatharchides of Cnidus, and by Artemidorus Ephesius in Strabo. They were a pastoral people, living entirely on the flesh of their herds, or, in the season of fresh pasture, on mingled milk and blood.^[6]

In Strabo

In his work Geographica, Strabo mentions a tribe of Troglodytae living along with the Crobyzi in Scythia Minor, near the Ister (Danube) and the Greek colonies of Callatis and Tomis.^[7]^[8] He also mentions tribes living in various parts of Africa from Libya to the Red Sea.^[6]

In Pomponius Mela

In his work Chorographia, Pomponius Mela mentions that they own no resources, and rather than speak, they make a high-pitched sound. They creep around deep in caves and are nurtured by serpents.^[9]

In Athenaeus

In his work Deipnosophists, Athenaeus wrote that Pythagoras who wrote about the Red Sea mentioned that they make their pandura out of the white mangrove which grows in the sea^[10] and that Euphorion in his book on the Isthmian Games mentioned that they played sambucas with four strings like the Parthians.^[11]

In Claudius Aelianus

In his work On the Characteristics of Animals, Claudius Aelianus mentions that the tribe of Troglodytae are famous and derive their name from their manner of living. He also adds that they eat snakes.^[1] Furthermore, he wrote that Troglodytes believe that the king of the beasts is the Ethiopian Bull, because it possesses the courage of a lion, the speed of a horse, the strength of a bull, and is stronger than iron.^[12]

In Josephus

Flavius Josephus alludes to a place he calls Troglodytis while discussing the account in Genesis, that after the death of Sarah, Abraham married Keturah and fathered six sons who in turn fathered many more. "Now, for all these sons and grandsons, Abraham contrived to settle them in colonies; and they took possession of Troglodytis, and the country of Arabia Felix..."^[13]

The Troglodytis Josephus refers to here is generally taken to mean both coasts of the Red Sea.^[14] However, Josephus goes on to state that the descendants of one of these grandsons, Epher, invaded Libya, and that the name of Africa was thus derived from that of Epher.^[13] The dominant modern hypothesis is that Africa stems from the Berber word ifri (plural ifran), meaning "cave", in reference to cave dwellers.^[15]

In Clement of Alexandria

Clement of Alexandria (The Stromata, Book I, chapter xvi) mentions them as the inventors of sambuca.^[16]

In Eusebius

Eusebius, citing Clement of Alexandria, also credits them with the invention of the sambuca.^[17]^[18]

References

^ ^a ^b Aelian, Characteristics of Animals, 9.44
^ Porphyry, De abstinentia, 4.21
^ Agatharchides of Cnidus, On the Erythraean Sea
^ Herodotus, Histories, 4.183
^ Werner, A. (January 1913). "The Languages of Africa". Journal of the Royal African Society. 12 (46): 120–135. JSTOR 715866.
^ ^a ^b ^c One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Troglodytes". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 298–299.
^ "Strabo, Geography, Book VII, Chapter 5, Section 12". Perseus Digital Library. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
^ Boardman, John, ed. (1991). The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 3, Part 1: The Prehistory of the Balkans, and the Middle East and the Aegean world, tenth to eighth centuries B.C. London: Cambridge University Press. p. 598. ISBN 978-0-521-22496-3.
^ Pomponius Mela, Chorographia, 1.44
^ Athenaeus, Deipnosophists, 4.184
^ Athenaeus, Deipnosophists, 14.34
^ Aelian, Characteristics of Animals, 17.45
^ ^a ^b Josephus Flavius, Antiquities, 1.15.1
^ Saint Jerome's Hebrew Questions on Genesis
^ Desfayes, Michel (2011-01-25). "The Names of Countries". michel-desfayes.org. Retrieved 2019-04-09. Africa. From the name of an ancient tribe in Tunisia, the Afri (adjective: Afer). The name is still extant today as Ifira and Ifri-n-Dellal in Greater Kabylia (Algeria). A Berber tribe was called Beni-Ifren in the Middle Ages and Ifurace was the name of a Tripolitan people in the 6th century. The name is from the Berber language ifri 'cave'. Troglodytism was frequent in northern Africa and still occurs today in southern Tunisia. Herodote wrote that the Garamantes, a North African people, used to live in caves. The Ancient Greek called troglodytēs an African people who lived in caves. Africa was coined by the Romans and 'Ifriqiyeh' is the arabized Latin name. (Most details from Decret & Fantar, 1981).
^ "Clement of Alexandria: Stromata, Book 1". www.earlychristianwritings.com. Retrieved 2022-10-14.
^ Eusebius, Preparation of the Gospels, 10.6.1 - en
^ Eusebius, Preparation of the Gospels, 10.6.1
^ Gerleman, Gillis. 1948. Studies in the Septuagint: II. Chronicles (nr 3). Lund: C. W. K. Gleerup.