Trichoderma cornu-damae (Japanese: カエンタケ, Hepburn: kaentake), formerly Podostroma cornu-damae and also known as the poison fire coral,[5] is a species of fungus in the family Hypocreaceae. The fruit bodies of the fungus are highly toxic, and have been responsible for several fatalities in Japan. The fungus contains several trichothecenemycotoxins.
Taxonomy
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The fungus was once thought to be exclusive to South Korea and Japan, but recent discoveries have been made in Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and Australia.[5][9][10]
Description
The conidiophores (specialized fungal hyphae that produce conidia) are up to 400 μm high and about 2–4 μm wide in the main axial hyphae. The phialides are arranged in tufts with narrow angles at the top, similar to the branching hyphae found in Trichoderma species. The conidia are roughly spherical with a truncate base in each spore, pale green in color, and measure 2.5–3.5 μm in diameter. Their surfaces are almost smooth, but sometimes appearing very faintly roughened with light microscopy.[11]
Toxicity
Several poisonings have been reported in Japan resulting from the consumption of the fungus. In 1999, one of a group of five people from Niigata prefecture died two days after consuming one or two grams of fruit body that had been soaked in sake. In 2000, an individual from Gunma prefecture died after eating the fried mushroom. Symptoms associated with consumption in these cases included stomach pains, changes in perception, decrease in the number of leukocytes and thrombocytes, peeling skin on the face, hair loss, and shrinking of the cerebellum, resulting in speech impediment and problems with voluntary movement.[12] In another instance, an autopsy revealed multiple organ failure, including acute kidney failure, liver necrosis and disseminated intravascular coagulation.[13] In one case of poisoning, the patient suffered from hemophagocytosis, in addition to severe leukocytopenia and thrombocytopenia, seven days after ingesting the fungus. Plasmapheresis and administration of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor were used to treat the blood abnormalities. The authors suggested that these treatments, in addition to the large volume of administered intravenous saline – 9 liters (2.0 imp gal; 2.4 U.S. gal) over a 12-hour period—were responsible for his successful recovery.[14]
The poisoning symptoms are similar to those observed previously with animals that had consumed trichothecenemycotoxins. Japanese researchers detected the presence of the macrocyclic trichothecenes satratoxin H, satratoxin H 12′,13′-diacetate, satratoxin H 12′-acetate, and satratoxin H 13′-acetate. When grown in liquid culture the fungus additionally produces roridin E and verrucarin J. With the exception of verrucarin J, a 500-microgram dose of any of these compounds, when injected into the abdomen of mice, will result in their death the following day.[12] It has been claimed that touching the fungus can cause skin irritation,[10] but this is controversial.[15]
^"Revision of the Hypocreales with cultural observations. V. Podostroma giganteum Imai, P. cornu-damae (Pat.) Noedijn and Hypocrea pseudogelatinosa sp. nov". Reports of the Tottori Mycological Institute (Japan). 10: 421–27. 1973.
^Koichi M, Haruo T, Toshihiro Y, Masami O, Sadao N, Koichiro K (2003). "Case report: food poisoning to death by Podostroma cornu-damae, its case history and autopsy findings". Acta Criminologiae et Medicinae Legalis Japonica (in Japanese). 69 (1): 14–20.
^Suzuki M, Katoh Y, Kumagai H, Saitoh M, Ishikawa H, Itoh H, Shimazu K (2002). "[Successful treatment in a case of Podostroma cornu-damae poisoning, a deadly poisonous mushroom]". Chudoku Kenkyu (in Japanese). 15 (2): 177–82. PMID12108023.
