Trail running

Kilian Jornet, during his winning run at the 2008 Ultra-Trail du Mont-Blanc

The Backbone Trail, Santa Monica Mountains, southern California

Trail running is a type of running that takes place on outdoor trails, often in mountainous terrain, and often includes significant ascents and descents. Trail running is overseen by the International Trail Running Association (ITRA) and includes longer races.^[1][2]

It is similar to both mountain and fell running (also known as hill running). Unlike road running and track running, it generally takes place on outdoor trails, often in mountainous terrain, and often includes significant ascents and descents.^[1] It is difficult to definitively distinguish trail running from cross country running. In general, however, cross country running is a discipline governned by World Athletics, which is typically raced over shorter distances, while trail running is overseen by ITRA and includes longer races.

The number of organized trail races grew by 1,000% from 2008 to 2018, from 160 to more than 1,800 globally.^[3] Runners often cite less impact stress compared to road running, as well as the landscape and non-urban environment, as primary reasons for preferring trail running.^[4] This move to nature is also reflected in a large increase in competitors in non-traditional/off-road triathlons and adventure racing in the 2010s.^[5]

Equipment

When comparing a trail-running shoe to a road-running shoe, trail-running shoes are built for more rugged terrain. They have noticeably thicker outsoles allowing for better traction on the trails and stiffer midsoles for support on uneven and rocky surfaces. Other features like added heel and toe protection and waterproof technologies are also found in trail shoes.^[6][7]

Trail-running gear can vary depending on specific trail and weather conditions but can include wicking garments, water bottles, sunscreen, sunglasses, hats, gaiters, insect repellent spray, headlamps, headphones, and ivy block. Some trail runners attach lightweight crampons to the bottom of their shoes to aid with traction in the snow and on ice. Ultra-light hiking poles or trekking poles can be used to increase speed and stability.

An alternative way to carry water is to use a hydration bladder with a drinking tube carried in a backpack, waist pack,^[8] or hydration pack.^[9] Carrying the Ten Essentials may reduce the hazards inherent in wilderness travel.

Races

A hill-running race in Prague

Trail running races are organized globally and vary in distance, terrain, and vertical climb.^[10] For example, in the United States, the American Trail Running Association was only founded in 1996 to represent trail races in the US.^[11] In the United Kingdom, the Trail Running Association was formed in 1991. The International Trail Running Association (ITRA) was founded in 2013,^[12] and was first recognized by the IAAF in 2015.

Distances in races vary widely, from 5 km, to over 100 miles (161 km). Many trail races are of ultramarathon (ultra) distance. Ultras are generally accepted as having a distance of greater than 26.2 miles (42.16 km) though 50 km races are generally the closest race distance above a marathon, and are widely thought of as the shortest ultramarathon distance among the trail running community. Races of similar distances often differ significantly in terms of terrain. This makes it difficult to compare performance across different courses. This is in contrast to times over standard distances in road running, such as 10 km or marathon.

The International Triathlon Union conducts an annual Cross triathlon Championship race annually. Additionally, the XTERRA Triathlon is a private off-road series that concludes with a championship each year in Maui.

Aid stations

Aid stations are physical checkpoints commonly located every 5 to 10 kilometers along the course. Ultramarathon aid stations are often stocked with foods that provide runners with quickly digestible sugars that can provide a needed boost as their glycogen levels begin to drop.^[13] Most trail races only have a single stage, where competitors are timed over the entire duration of their run, including stops at aid stations. However, trail running stage races also exist. These multiday-stage races usually offer complete support and runner amenities between stages. There are, however, stage races that provide no support apart from water and medical aid, and require competitors to carry all their equipment (food, sleeping bag, change of clothes, compass). The best-known example of such races is the Marathon des Sables, which was first held in 1986.

Etiquette

As with hiking and other activities that share trails in often sensitive wilderness environments, trail runners should comply with common leave no trace practices and other trail etiquette (aka Trail ethics). While trail etiquette and customs vary by country, season and outdoor (recreational) area, the common purpose of trail etiquette is to preserve the wilderness environment while ensuring the safety and enjoyment of all trail users (including people, animals, and sometimes motorized vehicles).

Participation limitations

Compared to road races, there are often fewer participants as the number of entries is often limited. There can be a few reasons for this: narrowness of trails, national parks (where the courses are often set) may limit the number of participants via a permitting process, safety, and environmental concerns. There are many popular races such as the Ultra-Trail du Mont-Blanc in Europe or the Western States Endurance Run in the United States that have been forced to limit entries due to overwhelming demand.^[14]

These actions can include yielding to uphill traffic, staying on established trails, passing on the left (United States), staying single file, and yielding to fast runners.^[14]

Some notable trail races include:

Africa

• Fish River Canyon Ultra Marathon
• Kalahari Augrabies Extreme Marathon
• Mount Cameroon Race of Hope
• Rhodes Trail Run

Asia

• 9 Dragons: Hong Kong, 50 km 100 km
• Coast To Coast Night Trail Ultra: Indonesia, since 2015
• Japan Mountain Endurance Race Hasegawa Tsuneo Cup (HASETSUNE CUP): 71.5 km (since 1993)
• Trans Japan Alps Race (TJAR): 415 km (since 2002)
• Ultra-Trail Mount Fuji (UTMF): 161 km (since 2012)

Europe

• Fruškogorski maraton: 125 kilometres (78 mi) (since 1978)
• Scenic Trail: 167 kilometres (104 mi)
• Tatry Running Tour
• Tor des Géants: 330 kilometres (210 mi)
• Transvulcania: 83 kilometres (52 mi)
• Ultra-Trail du Mont-Blanc: 166 kilometres (103 mi)
• Zugspitz Ultratrail 101 kilometres (63 mi) since 2011^[15]

North America

• Barkley Marathons: 100 miles (160 km)
• Bear 100 Mile Endurance Run: 100 miles (160 km)
• Dipsea Race: 7.5 miles (12.1 km) the oldest trail running event in the US
• Hardrock Hundred Mile Endurance Run: 100 miles (160 km)
• Leadville Trail 100: 100 miles (160 km)
• Western States Endurance Run: 100 miles (160 km)

Oceania

• Kepler Challenge: 60 kilometres (37 mi) also includes the Luxmore Grunt 28 kilometres (17 mi) (New Zealand)
• Kokoda Challenge Race: 96 kilometres (60 mi)

Related activities

Fastpacking

A growing number of people are participating in solo backcountry trail running trips, carrying an ultralight form of backpacking to allow faster speeds than with a traditional backpack.^[16][17] Running while backpacking has been termed "fastpacking". These trips can be both difficult and dangerous, depending on length, weather, and terrain.

Mountain and fell running

Mountain and fell running (also called hill running, particularly in Scotland)^[18] are sports that combine running and racing off-road over the upland country, where the gradient climbed is a significant component. Fell is a dialect word from the northwest of England where it is popular–especially in the Lake District. Fell races require mountain navigation skills and participants carry survival equipment.^[19] Unlike trail running, the routes of fell races are often unmarked so that competitors frequently are able to choose their own route to a checkpoint.^[20]

The only difference between mountain running and trail running is that a mountain running course sometimes includes paving. It is different from fell running because (1) courses are clearly marked and avoid dangerous sections;^[21] and (2) while mountain running takes place mainly off-road, if there is significant elevation gain on the route, surfaced roads may be used.^[19]

See also

• Hillwalking
• IAU Trail World Championships
• Skyrunning
• Cross-country running

References

1. "ITRA Discover Trail Running". Archived from the original on 3 April 2022. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
2. "Trail Running". worldathletics.org. Archived from the original on 25 April 2023. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
3. Finn, Adharanand (2 April 2018). "When 26.2 miles just isn't enough – the phenomenal rise of the ultramarathon". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 13 May 2019. Retrieved 13 May 2019.
4. Jhung, Lisa (14 June 2013). "Why Trail Running Is Good for You". runnersworld.com. Archived from the original on 17 May 2017. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
5. "Outdoor Participation Report 2013" (PDF). Outdoor Foundation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
6. Pasteris, Joe. "What's the Difference Between Road and Trail-Running Shoes?". REI. Archived from the original on 12 July 2023. Retrieved 11 July 2023.
7. "Trail Running Shoes Can be Worn on the Road, Too". Verywell Fit. Archived from the original on 12 July 2023. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
8. "Hydration for Running: A Beginner's Guide". REI. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
9. "Trail Running Basics". Archived from the original on 1 August 2023. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
10. Bettin, Allison (22 November 2021). "A Beginner's Guide to Trail Running". TrainingPeaks. Archived from the original on 29 August 2023. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
11. "ATRA history". American Trail Ruunning Association. Archived from the original on 17 August 2012. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
12. "History". International Trail Running Association. Archived from the original on 18 August 2021. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
13. Team, Run Infinite (8 May 2019). "Making The Most of Aid Stations". Run Infinite. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
14. Pollmann, Tayte (12 March 2019). "Training and Racing Etiquette Tips for the Trails". ATRA. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
15. "ANMELDESTART FÜR DEN SALOMON ZUGSPITZ ULTRATRAIL POWERED BY LEDLENSER 2022 — DAS GRÖSSTE TRAILRUNNING-EVENT DEUTSCHLANDs" (in German). 8 November 2021. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
16. Kate Siber (6 August 2009). "Fastpacking: What is it, and why do it?". Runner's World. Archived from the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
17. Clint Cherepa, "Hike Fast, Sleep Hard: Are You Ready to Try Fastpacking?" Archived 23 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine Outdoors.org, 27 August 2018.
18. "An introduction to hill running - runbritain". Archived from the original on 10 May 2016. Retrieved 10 October 2016.
19. "Trail Running or Fell Running?". fellrunningguide.co.uk. 11 October 2013. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
20. "A 60-second guide to fell running". Runner's World. 25 March 2018. Archived from the original on 13 May 2019. Retrieved 13 May 2019.
21. "IAAF Competition Rules 2016-2017, rule 251". Archived from the original on 18 March 2016. Retrieved 4 October 2017.

External links