Traditional knowledge Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is a toolset of systems that uses data, techniques, and technologies designed to document and utilize local knowledge in communities around the world. Traditional knowledge is information that encompasses the experiences of a particular culture or society. Traditional knowledge GIS differ from ordinary cognitive maps in that they express environmental and spiritual relationships among real and conceptual entities.[1] This toolset focuses on cultural preservation, land rights disputes, natural resource management, and economic development.
Technical aspects
Traditional knowledge GIS employs cartographic and database management techniques such as participatory GIS, map biographies, and historical mapping. Participatory GIS aspires to a mutually beneficial relationship between the governing and the governed by fostering public involvement in all aspects of a GIS. It is widely accepted that this technique is necessary for sound environmental and economic planning in developing areas.[2] This method generates a sense of place in scientific analysis that incorporates sacred sites and traditional land use practices.[3] Participatory GIS can be effective for local resource management and planning, but researchers doubt its efficacy as a tool in attaining land tenure or fighting legal battles because of lack of expertise among local individuals and lack of access to technology.[4]
Map biographies track the practices of local communities either for the sake of preservation or to argue for resource protection or land grants.[4] GIS technologies are powerful in their ability to accommodate multimedia and multidimensional data sets, which allows for the recording and playing of oral histories and representations of abstract ecological knowledge.[5]
Historical mapping documents and analyzes events that are meaningful to a particular tradition or locale. Cultural and humanitarian benefits can be derived from including maps in the historical record of an area.[6]
Cultural preservation
Cultural preservation is perhaps the principal application of a traditional knowledge GIS. As adherents to traditional lifestyles decline in population, a degree of urgency has developed around the collection of data and wisdom from aging local elders.[7] A central feature of cultural preservation is language revitalization. Bilingual visual and auditory maps depict oral traditions and historical information in places of cultural significance at various scales and levels of detail.[8]
Researchers encounter significant obstacles to data acquisition due to the sensitive nature of much of the data sought for a traditional knowledge GIS, and locals may distrust the motives of outside consultants.[9]
Land rights and natural resource management
Traditional knowledge GIS can influence debates over land rights and resource management in ecologically sensitive areas.[10] Interests of local residents in these regions often conflict with those of migrant workers, state conservation units, and domestic and foreign mining or logging enterprises. GIS hardware and software are used to identify spatial trends in interpreting these conflicts.
Economic development
Economic development through traditional knowledge GIS is subject to local ownership over the systems and full access to relevant data and training.[11] This situation is rare outside of industrialized nations, so little progress has been made in this field of research.[4]
Current issues and effectiveness
There is a disparate nature to implementations of traditional knowledge GIS across geographies. Though developing nations utilize some forms of participatory GIS, communities there are less likely to gain access to expensive databases and cartographic methods than those in developed nations.[12]
The overall effectiveness of traditional knowledge GIS has not been determined conclusively. Advocates for traditional mapping point to successes in acquiring land titles, managing local databases, and creating new skill sets for local communities worldwide. Detractors cite cost, the need for specialized training, and cultural differences as reasons GIS may be inappropriate for these applications.[5] Traditional knowledge GIS analyze the nature of political and social struggles that lead to competing resource claims. They are powerful tools for mediation and negotiation among coexisting social groups.[13]
No cost or open-source traditional knowledge software
The Nunaliit Atlas Framework was developed by and is maintained by the Geomatics and Cartographic Research Centre at Carleton University.[14] The focus of this software is to create community atlas projects.
Commercial software
The CEDAR tool has a number of modules focused on contact relationship management, consultation for development projects, heritage projects and GIS.[15] This software is provided either as a hosted service or as a computer located in client offices.
The LOUIS toolkit is a suite of tools for recording, managing and using traditional land use and traditional knowledge information.[16] This software is provided as a hosted service with complementary desktop and mobile applications, including a mobile data collection application.
^Peat, F. David. "I Have a Map in my Head." ReVision 18.3 (1996) : 11-17.
^Tripathi, Nitesh and Bhattarya, Shefali. "Integrating Indigenous Knowledge and GIS for Participatory Natural Resource Management: State-of-the-Practice." Electronic Journal on Information Systems in Developing Countries 17.3 (2004) : 1-13.
^McCall, Michael K., and Peter A. Minang. "Assessing Participatory GIS for Community-Based Natural Resource Management: Claiming Community Forests in Cameroon." Geographical Journal 171.4 (2005) : 340-358.
^ abcChapin, Mac, Zachary Lamb, and Bill Threlkeld. "Mapping Indigenous Lands." Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005) : 619-639.
^ abChambers, Kimberlee J., Jonathan Corbett, C. Peter Keller, and Colin J.B. Wood. "Indigenous Knowledge, Mapping, and GIS: A Diffusion of Innovation Perspective." Cartographica 59.3 (2004) : 19-33.
^Steinberg, Michael K., Carrie Height, Rosemary Mosher, and Matthew Bampton. "Mapping Massacres: GIS and State Terror in Guatemala." Geoforum 37 (2006) : 62-68.
^Harmsworth, Garth. "Indigenous Values and GIS: A Method and a Framework." Indigenous Knowledge and Development Monitor 6.3 (1998) : 1-7.
^Cazden, Courtney B. "Sustaining Indigenous Languages in Cyberspace." Paper presented at Annual Stabilizing Indigenous Languages Symposium June 9–11 (2002) : 1-7. Available at http://jan.ucc.nau.edu\~jar\NNL\
^Chase, Richard Smith, Margarita Benavides, Mario Pariona, and Ermeto Tuesta. "Mapping the Past and the Future: Geomatics and Indigenous Territories in the Peruvian Amazon." Human Organization 62.4 (2003) : 357-369.
^Simmons, Cynthia S. "The Local Articulation of Policy Conflict: Land Use, Environment, and Amerindian Rights in Eastern Amazonia." Professional Geographer 54.2 (2001) : 241-258.
^Bender, Barbara. "Subverting the Western Gaze: Mapping Alternative Worlds." Archaeology and Anthropology Landscape (1994) : 31-43.
^Bhattarya, Shefali and Nitesh Tripathi. "Integrating Indigenous Knowledge and GIS for Participatory Natural Resource Management: State-of-the-Practice." Electronic Journal on Information Systems in Developing Countries 17.3 (2004) : 1-13.
^Robbins, Paul. "Beyond Ground Truth: GIS and the Environmental Knowledge of Herders, Professional Foresters, and Other Traditional Communities." Human Ecology 31.2 (2003) : 233-254.
