Torsten Hägerstrand

Torsten Hägerstrand
Hägerstrand in 1991
Born	(1916-10-11)October 11, 1916 Moheda, Sweden
Died	May 4, 2004(2004-05-04) (aged 87) Lund, Sweden
Nationality	Swedish
Citizenship	Sweden
Alma mater	Lund University
Known for	Time geography Human migration Cultural diffusion
Awards	Lauréat Prix International de Géographie Vautrin Lud Outstanding Achievement Award from the Association of American Geographers Victoria Medal (1979)
Scientific career
Fields	Geography
Institutions	Lund University

Torsten Hägerstrand (October 11, 1916, in Moheda – May 3, 2004, in Lund) was a Swedish geographer. He is known for his work on migration, cultural diffusion and time geography.

A native and resident of Sweden, Hägerstrand was a professor (later professor emeritus) of geography at Lund University, where he received his doctorate in 1953. His doctoral research was on cultural diffusion. His research has helped to make Sweden, and particularly Lund, a major center of innovative work in cultural geography.^[1] He also influenced the practice of spatial planning in Sweden through his students.^[2]

Early life

Hägerstrand's father was a teacher at a remote elementary school and the family lived at the school. Hägerstrand recalled that his early education was based on the pedagogical ideas of Swiss educator Johann Pestalozzi. Several of Hägerstrand's students speculated that his holistic and visionary thinking was rooted in his early education:^[3]

He was taught local geography, history and folklore at home in the Pestalozzi tradition which was being introduced at that time. Cartography, geology, botany and agronomy were all interrelated parts of a more holistic understanding of processes within a spatial area. To start with, children learned about their immediate environment (e.g., the school room and the farm), then about the village, and gradually the whole district. As a pupil of Hägerstrand, it is easy for me to recognize parts of this tradition which later became what we today would refer to as an 'integrative perspective'.^[4]

Academic career

Hägerstrand entered Lund University in 1937. His 1953 doctoral thesis Innovation Diffusion as a Spatial Process gained fame for its innovative use of Monte Carlo simulation of demographic development.^[5] It showed how dynamic, incremental simulation of spatial processes could be used at the spatial scale of the individual as well as large spatial aggregates. Forty years later, geographer Andrew Cliff remarked on the foresight of Hägerstrand's methodology: "Bearing in mind that much of the research upon which the book is based dates from a time when computers were almost nonexistent, let alone used by geographers, it is remarkable that the simulation methodology which is so critically dependent upon computing power should have been contemplated."^[6]

Hägerstrand's research was aided by developments at Lund University, notably the establishment of the Siffermaskinen i Lund (SMIL), one of Sweden's first computers.^[7] Hägerstrand noted that the Swedish computer scientist Carl-Erik Fröberg, who had been Hägerstrand's "school-mate since secondary school",^[7] had introduced him to the Monte Carlo method that would define his doctoral thesis, following a trip by Fröberg and other young Swedish scientists to the United States, a trip that was financed by the Swedish government's project to build its own computer.^[7]

In 1969, he presented a paper titled "What about People in Regional Science?" to the European Congress of the Regional Science Association in Copenhagen, Denmark.^[8] This paper, published in 1970, developed two concepts:

• The need to study the individual in order to understand social and group practices. Modern cultural geographers commonly now study everyday practices on an individualistic basis, in order to understand larger scale patterns. The study of just groups creates a homogenization of reality and hides the truth.
• A link between space and time that had previously been poorly developed. Historically, social scientists had treated time as a relevant but external factor to spatial features. Hägerstrand's early work on innovation diffusion (studying the geographical spread of new technologies) made him realise that the two, though separate, were not independent of each other; they have what French theorist Henri Lefebvre would call a dialectical relationship.

Legacy

Hägerstrand's initial work was primarily quantitative, which is important as the discipline of geography was, when he published his first paper in 1942, a highly descriptive subject.^[9] In the 1950s he was a pioneer of geocoding statistical primary data.^[10] He developed models and statistical techniques, such as the time–space cube and time–space prism, which later became important in the development of geographic information systems that process and visualize movement data.^[11] His work informed the likes of Allan Pred and Nigel Thrift, who helped take it to the English speaking world.^[12]

Hägerstrand's work contributed to the introduction of humanistic thought into geography, which led to the development of critical geography.^[13] While his early work was largely quantitative, Hägerstrand's later work paid closer attention to notions of embodiment and emotion.^[14] Still, his methods were critiqued by feminist geographer Gillian Rose, who claimed that his models showed a masculine and falsely-ordered view of the world.^[15] More recent geographers have tried to combine time geography with the qualitative research and affective phenomenology of feminist geography.^[16]

Development of Hägerstrand's work has continued to form part of the basis for non-representational theory, and a reappraisal of his work by new generations of social scientists^[17] and biologists^[18] means that he remains an influential thinker today. In 2005, Nigel Thrift summarized five benefits of Hägerstrand's time geography for contemporary social science:

First, it provides a sense of concreteness, of the power of 'thereness', and it does so in a way—visually—that is still the preserve of too few social theorists. All those intricate diagrams were, in part, an attempt to describe the pragmatics of events, a theme which has now, in the work of writers like Deleuze, become fashionable in the social sciences and humanities but, at the time at which Hägerstrand was working, tended to be restricted to the field of philosophy, except for the work of social interactionists and ethnomethodologists which was often very imperfectly understood by other than a relatively small coterie of enthusiasts. Secondly, Hägerstrand's work was an attack on the Durkheimian idea that space and time were social categories, collective representations which both derived from society and also dictated to society. [...] Time-geography makes it possible to go beyond social constructionism by emphasizing the physical constraints on human action and the wider networks of competing opportunities that they set up which act to steer situations. [...] Thirdly, and as a directly related point, those time-geographic diagrams did something else too. They radically lessened the distinction between humans and other objects. They provided a kind of neutrality of representation, even a democracy of description, of the world. [...] Fourthly, Hägerstrand's work espoused a geographical ethics, centred on the wise use of space and time. Although Hägerstrand would often use economic metaphors to describe that wisdom in the use of space and time, I am sure that he meant something broader and more encompassing which it seems to me to be well worth keeping hold of, a kind of democratic ethos of the cardinal dimensions, a conviviality in the use of space and time. Fifthly, Hägerstrand provided a language which could register the world in different ways. Perhaps one way of looking at Hägerstrand's work is as a means of saying 'hello' in a language many can understand: drawing as a kind of visual Esperanto.^[19]

Honors

He received honorary doctorates from University of Bergen, Norwegian school of economics and business administration, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, University of Bristol, University of Edinburgh, University of Glasgow and Ohio State University. The commendation accompanying the honorary degree at Ohio State University noted that "his work on innovation diffusion, carried out in the 1950s and 1960s, continues to be cited as a standard against which current research is measured" and that "this distinguished individual...inspired a generation of scholars around the world."

He was a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Royal Swedish Academy of Letters, the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences, the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, the Finnish Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, a Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy, and a member of Société de Géographie in France. He was also one of the founding members of Academia Europaea.

In 1968 Professor Hägerstrand was awarded the Charles P. Daly Medal of the American Geographical Society and in 1968 received an Outstanding Achievement Award from the Association of American Geographers. In 1979 he received the Victoria Medal from the Royal Geographical Society.

In 1992 Torsten Hägerstrand was awarded Lauréat Prix International de Géographie Vautrin Lud, the highest award in the geography research field.

Key publications

• Hägerstrand, Torsten (1952). The propagation of innovation waves. Lund studies in geography: Series B, Human geography, 4. Lund: Royal University of Lund, Dept. of Geography. OCLC 254752.
• Hägerstrand, Torsten (1955). "Statistiska primäruppgifter, flygkartering och "data processing"-maskiner: ett kombineringsprojekt". Svensk Geografisk Årsbok (in Swedish) (31): 233–255.
• Hannerberg, David; Hägerstrand, Torsten, eds. (1957). Migration in Sweden: a symposium. Lund studies in geography: Series B, Human geography, 13. Lund: CWK Gleerup. OCLC 170619.
• Hägerstrand, Torsten (1967a) [1953]. Innovation diffusion as a spatial process [Innovationsförloppet ur korologisk synpunkt]. Translated by Allan Pred; Greta Haag. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. OCLC 536383.
• Hägerstrand, Torsten (1967b). "The computer and the geographer". Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers (42): 1–19. doi:10.2307/621369. JSTOR 621369. S2CID 147121939.
• Hägerstrand, Torsten (1970). "What about people in regional science?". Papers of the Regional Science Association. 24 (1): 6–21. Bibcode:1970PRegS..24....6H. doi:10.1007/BF01936872. S2CID 198174673.
• Hägerstrand, Torsten (1973). On the definition of migration. Rapporter och notiser, 9. Lund: Lunds universitets kulturgeografiska institution. OCLC 185647319.
• Hägerstrand, Torsten (1973). "The domain of human geography". In Chorley, Richard J (ed.). Directions in geography. London: Methuen. pp. 67–87. ISBN 978-0-416-60830-4. OCLC 789168.
• Hägerstrand, Torsten (1974). "Ecology under one perspective". In Bylund, Erik; Linderholm, Håkan; Rune, Olof (eds.). Ecological problems of the circumpolar area: papers from the international symposium at Luleå, Sweden, June 28–29, 1971. Luleå: Norrbottens Museum. pp. 271–276. OCLC 3035384.
• Hägerstrand, Torsten (1974). The impact of transport on the quality of life. Rapporter och notiser, 13. Lund: Lunds universitets kulturgeografiska institution. OCLC 185647393.
• Hägerstrand, Torsten (1975). "Space, time and human conditions". In Karlqvist, Anders; Lundqvist, Lars; Snickars, Folke (eds.). Dynamic allocation of urban space. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books. pp. 3–14. ISBN 978-0-347-01052-8. OCLC 1364735.
• Hägerstrand, Torsten (1976). "Geography and the study of interaction between nature and society". Geoforum. 7 (5–6): 329–334. doi:10.1016/0016-7185(76)90063-4.
• Hägerstrand, Torsten (1978). "Survival and arena: on the life-history of individuals in relation to their geographical environment". In Carlstein, Tommy; Parkes, Don; Thrift, Nigel J (eds.). Human activity and time geography. Timing space and spacing time. Vol. 2. New York: Wiley. pp. 122–143. ISBN 978-0-7131-5989-9. OCLC 4935024.
• Buttimer, Anne; Hägerstrand, Torsten (1980). Invitation to dialogue: a progress report. DIA paper, 1. Lund: University of Lund. OCLC 8534714.
• Hägerstrand, Torsten (1982). "Diorama, path and project". Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie. 73 (6): 323–339. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9663.1982.tb01647.x.
• Hägerstrand, Torsten (1983). "In search for the sources of concepts". In Buttimer, Anne (ed.). The practice of geography. London; New York: Longman. pp. 238–256. ISBN 978-0-582-30087-3. OCLC 8629687.
• Hägerstrand, Torsten, ed. (1985). The identification of progress in learning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-30087-2. OCLC 10924966.
• Hägerstrand, Torsten (1985). "Time geography: focus on the corporeality of man, society and environment". In Aida, Shūhei (ed.). The science and praxis of complexity: contributions to the symposium held at Montpellier, France, 9–11 May, 1984. Tokyo: United Nations University Press. pp. 193–216. ISBN 978-92-808-0560-4. OCLC 13025296.
• Hägerstrand, Torsten (1991). Gösta Carlestam; Barbro Sollbe (eds.). Om tidens vidd och tingens ordning (in Swedish). Stockholm: Byggforskningsrådet. ISBN 978-91-540-5363-6. OCLC 29548202.
• Hägerstrand, Torsten (1992). "The global and the local". In Svedin, Uno; Aniansson, Britt Hägerhäll (eds.). Society and the environment: a Swedish research perspective. Ecology, economy & environment, 2. Dordrecht; Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 13–21. ISBN 978-0-7923-1796-8. OCLC 25788428.
• Hägerstrand, Torsten (1995). "Action in the physical everyday world". In Haggett, Peter; Cliff, Andrew (eds.). Diffusing geography: essays for Peter Haggett. The Institute of British Geographers special publications series, 31. Oxford; Cambridge, MA: Blackwell. pp. 35–45. ISBN 978-0-631-19534-4. OCLC 30895028.
• Hägerstrand, Torsten (2001) [1995]. "A look at the political geography of environmental management". In Buttimer, Anne (ed.). Sustainable landscapes and lifeways: scale and appropriateness. Sterling, VA: Cork University Press. pp. 35–58. ISBN 978-1-85918-300-7. OCLC 45879916.
• Hägerstrand, Torsten; Carlstein, Tommy (December 2004). "The two vistas". Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography. 86 (4): 315–323. doi:10.1111/j.0435-3684.2004.00170.x. S2CID 218589178.
• Hägerstrand, Torsten (2009). Kajsa Ellegård; Uno Svedin; Bo Lenntorp (eds.). Tillvaroväven (in Swedish). Stockholm: Forskningsrådet Formas. ISBN 978-91-540-6033-7. OCLC 456875435.

See also

• Time geography

Footnotes

1. Buttimer & Mels 2006
2. Öberg 2005
3. Öberg 2005; Pred 2005
4. Öberg 2005, p. 341
5. Hägerstrand 1967a; Morrill 2005; Lenntorp 2008
6. Cliff, Pred & Hägerstrand 1992, p. 541
7. Brauer & Dymitrow 2017, p. 79
8. Hägerstrand 1970
9. Hubbard et al. 2002, pp. 22–56
10. Aase 2004
11. For example: Miller 1991; Kwan 2004; Kraak 2008; Yu & Shaw 2008; Wilson 2008; Kenett & Portugali 2012; Long & Nelson 2012
12. Thrift 1977; Pred 1977; Pred 1981
13. Christiaan van Paassen, The philosophy of geography: from Vidal to Hägerstrand, in Pred 1981, pp. 17–29
14. Hägerstrand 1983; Hubbard et al. 2002, pp. 101–104
15. Rose 1993
16. For example: Kwan 2002; Kwan 2007; Kwan & Ding 2008; McQuoid & Dijst 2012; Scholten, Friberg & Sandén 2012
17. For example: Ellegård & de Pater 1999; May & Thrift 2001; Latham 2003; Schwanen & Kwan 2009; Ellegård & Palm 2011; Ingold 2011
18. For example: Baer & Butler 2000; Huettmann & Cushman 2009; Downs, Horner & Tucker 2011
19. Thrift 2005, pp. 337–338

References

• Aase, Alørn (2004). "Obituaries – Nekrologer: Torsten Hägerstrand 1916–2004". Norwegian Journal of Geography. 58 (4): 216–217. Bibcode:2004NGTid..58..216A. doi:10.1080/00291950410002728. S2CID 129084919.
• Baer, Leonard D; Butler, David R (April 2000). "Space–time modeling of grizzly bears". Geographical Review. 90 (2): 206–221. doi:10.1111/j.1931-0846.2000.tb00331.x. S2CID 162614564.
• Brauer, René; Dymitrow, Mirek (June 2017). "Human geography and the hinterland: the case of Torsten Hägerstrand's 'belated' recognition". Moravian Geographical Reports. 25 (2): 74–84. doi:10.1515/mgr-2017-0007.
• Buttimer, Anne; Mels, Tom (2006). By northern lights: on the making of geography in Sweden. Aldershot, England; Burlington, VT: Ashgate. ISBN 978-0-7546-4814-7. OCLC 63187516.
• Cliff, Andrew; Pred, Allan; Hägerstrand, Torsten (October 1992). "Classics in human geography revisited: Innovation diffusion as a spatial process". Progress in Human Geography. 16 (4): 541–544. doi:10.1177/030913259201600403. S2CID 145756486.
• Downs, Joni A; Horner, Mark W; Tucker, Anton D (September 2011). "Time-geographic density estimation for home range analysis". Annals of GIS. 17 (3): 163–171. Bibcode:2011AnGIS..17..163D. doi:10.1080/19475683.2011.602023. S2CID 7891668.
• Ellegård, Kajsa; de Pater, Ben (July 1999). "The complex tapestry of everyday life". GeoJournal. 48 (3): 149–153. doi:10.1023/A:1007059105684. S2CID 147585214.
• Ellegård, Kajsa; Palm, Jenny (May 2011). "Visualizing energy consumption activities as a tool for making everyday life more sustainable". Applied Energy. 88 (5): 1920–1926. Bibcode:2011ApEn...88.1920E. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.11.019.
• Hubbard, Phil; Kitchin, Rob; Bartley, Brendan; Fuller, Duncan (2002). Thinking geographically: space, theory, and contemporary human geography. Continuum studies in geography education. London; New York: Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-5625-0. OCLC 290572149.
• Huettmann, Falk; Cushman, Samuel A, eds. (2009). Spatial complexity, informatics, and wildlife conservation. Tokyo; New York: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-4-431-87771-4. ISBN 978-4-431-87770-7. OCLC 567359237.
• Ingold, Tim (2011). "Drawing together: doing, observing, describing". Being alive: essays on movement, knowledge and description. London; New York: Routledge. pp. 220–228. ISBN 978-0-415-57683-3. OCLC 500783858.
• Kenett, Dror Y; Portugali, Juval (July 2012). "Population movement under extreme events". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 102 (29): 11472–11473. Bibcode:2012PNAS..10911472K. doi:10.1073/pnas.1209306109. PMC 3406849. PMID 22778423.
• Kraak, Menno-Jan (2008). "Geovisualization and time: new opportunities for the space-time cube". In Dodge, Martin; McDerby, Mary; Turner, Martin (eds.). Geographic visualization: concepts, tools and applications. Chichester, England; Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. pp. 293–306. doi:10.1002/9780470987643.ch15. ISBN 978-0-470-51511-2. OCLC 191847101.
• Kwan, Mei-Po (2002). "Is GIS for women?: reflections on the critical discourse in the 1990s" (PDF). Gender, Place & Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography. 9 (3): 271–279. doi:10.1080/0966369022000003888. S2CID 145232831.
• Kwan, Mei-Po (December 2004). "GIS methods in time-geographic research: geocomputation and geovisualization of human activity patterns" (PDF). Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography. 86 (4): 267–280. doi:10.1111/j.0435-3684.2004.00167.x. S2CID 18126588.
• Kwan, Mei-Po (2007). "Affecting geospatial technologies: toward a feminist politics of emotion" (PDF). The Professional Geographer. 59 (1): 22–34. Bibcode:2007ProfG..59...22K. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9272.2007.00588.x. S2CID 10120944.
• Kwan, Mei-Po; Ding, Guoxiang (2008). "Geo-narrative: extending geographic information systems for narrative analysis in qualitative and mixed-method research" (PDF). The Professional Geographer. 60 (4): 443–465. doi:10.1080/00330120802211752. S2CID 13008935.
• Latham, Allan (2003). "Research, performance, and doing human geography: some reflections on the diary-photograph, diary-interview method". Environment and Planning A. 35 (11): 1993–2017. Bibcode:2003EnPlA..35.1993L. doi:10.1068/a3587. S2CID 17764426.
• Lenntorp, Bo (2008). "Innovation diffusion as spatial process (1953): Torsten Hägerstrand". In Hubbard, Phil; Kitchin, Rob; Valentine, Gill (eds.). Key texts in human geography. Los Angeles: Sage. pp. 1–8. ISBN 978-1-4129-2260-9. OCLC 230771032.
• Long, Jed A; Nelson, Trisalyn A (July 2012). "A review of quantitative methods for movement data" (PDF). International Journal of Geographical Information Science. 27 (2): 292–318. doi:10.1080/13658816.2012.682578. hdl:10023/5417. S2CID 15358225.
• May, Jon; Thrift, Nigel J, eds. (2001). TimeSpace: geographies of temporality. Critical geographies, 13. London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-18083-2. OCLC 52996864.
• McQuoid, Julia; Dijst, Martin (July 2012). "Bringing emotions to time geography: the case of mobilities of poverty". Journal of Transport Geography. 23: 26–34. doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2012.03.019.
• Miller, Harvey J (1991). "Modelling accessibility using space-time prism concepts within geographical information systems". International Journal of Geographical Information Science. 5 (3): 287–301. doi:10.1080/02693799108927856.
• Öberg, Sture (June 2005). "Hägerstrand and the remaking of Sweden". Progress in Human Geography. 29 (3): 340–349. doi:10.1177/030913250502900313. S2CID 128171396.
• Pred, Allan (1977). "The choreography of existence: comments on Hägerstrand's time-geography and its usefulness". Economic Geography. 53 (2): 207–221. doi:10.2307/142726. JSTOR 142726.
• Pred, Allan, ed. (1981). Space and time in geography: essays dedicated to Torsten Hägerstrand. Lund: CWK Gleerup. ISBN 978-91-40-30603-6. OCLC 10145474.
• Rose, Gillian (1993). Feminism and geography: the limits of geographical knowledge. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-2417-1. OCLC 27935641.
• Scholten, Christina; Friberg, Tora; Sandén, Annika (December 2012). "Re-reading time-geography from a gender perspective: examples from gendered mobility". Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie. 103 (5): 584–600. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9663.2012.00717.x.
• Schwanen, Tim; Kwan, Mei-Po (2009). "'Doing' critical geographies with numbers". The Professional Geographer. 61 (4): 459–464. doi:10.1080/00330120903103072. S2CID 144480962.
• Thrift, Nigel J (1977). An introduction to time-geography. Concepts and techniques in modern geography, 13. Norwich: Geo Abstracts, University of East Anglia. ISBN 978-0-902246-67-6. OCLC 4464963. PDF: Archived 13 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
• Thrift, Nigel J (June 2005). "Torsten Hägerstrand and social theory". Progress in Human Geography. 29 (3): 337–340. doi:10.1177/030913250502900312. S2CID 141333604.
• Wilson, Clarke (2008). "Activity patterns in space and time: calculating representative Hägerstrand trajectories". Transportation. 35 (4): 485–499. doi:10.1007/s11116-008-9162-z. S2CID 154300621.
• Yu, Hongbo; Shaw, Shih-Lung (2008). "Exploring potential human activities in physical and virtual spaces: a spatio-temporal GIS approach". International Journal of Geographical Information Science. 22 (4): 409–430. Bibcode:2008IJGIS..22..409Y. doi:10.1080/13658810701427569. S2CID 5654567.

Further reading

• Buttimer, Anne (2007). "Torsten Hägerstrand (1916–2004)". In Withers, Charles W J; Lorimer, Hayden (eds.). Geographers: biobibliographical studies. Vol. 26. London: Continuum. pp. 119–157. ISBN 978-0-8264-9913-4. OCLC 141381115.
• Carlstein, Tommy (1982). Time resources, society, and ecology: on the capacity for human interaction in space and time. London; Boston: Allen & Unwin. doi:10.4324/9780429329036. ISBN 978-0-04-300082-3. OCLC 7946554. S2CID 199113937.
• Carlstein, Tommy; Parkes, Don; Thrift, Nigel J, eds. (1978). Making sense of time. Timing space and spacing time. Vol. 1. New York: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-26511-6. OCLC 4935269.
• Carlstein, Tommy; Parkes, Don; Thrift, Nigel J, eds. (1978). Time and regional dynamics. Timing space and spacing time. Vol. 3. New York: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-26512-3. OCLC 4935088.
• Corbett, John (2001). "Torsten Hägerstrand: time geography". Center for Spatially Integrated Social Science. Archived from the original on 4 February 2012. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
• Ellegård, Kajsa; Svedin, Uno (July 2012). "Torsten Hägerstrand's time-geography as the cradle of the activity approach in transport geography". Journal of Transport Geography. 23: 17–25. doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2012.03.023.
• Flowerdew, Robin (2011) [2004]. "Torsten Hägerstrand". In Hubbard, Phil; Kitchin, Rob (eds.). Key thinkers on space and place (2nd ed.). Los Angeles: Sage. pp. 199–204. ISBN 978-1-84920-101-8. OCLC 698373037.
• Hägerstrand, Torsten (1984). "Presence and absence: a look at conceptual choices and bodily necessities". Regional Studies. 18 (5): 373–379. Bibcode:1984RegSt..18..373H. doi:10.1080/09595238400185361.
• Hägerstrand, Torsten (2002) [1995]. "Virtual traces in space and time". In O'Hara, Morgan (ed.). Morgan O'Hara: live transmissions: attention and drawing as time-based performance. Vol. 2. Bergamo: Lubrina Editore. ISBN 978-88-7766-253-8. OCLC 270994775.
• Hoppe, Göran; Langton, John (1986). "Time-geography and economic development: the changing structure of livelihood positions on arable farms in nineteenth century Sweden". Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography. 68 (2): 115–137. doi:10.2307/490892. JSTOR 490892.
• Kuklinski, Antoni (1987). "Torsten Hägerstrand laudatio". GeoJournal. 14 (4): 503–510. doi:10.1007/BF02602724. S2CID 155401262.
• Lenntorp, Bo (1976). Paths in space-time environments: a timegeographic study of movement possibilities of individuals. Lund studies in geography: Series B, Human geography, 44. Lund: Royal University of Lund, Dept. of Geography. ISBN 978-91-40-04376-4. OCLC 3063593.
• Lenntorp, Bo (December 2004). "Publications by Torsten Hägerstrand 1938–2004". Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography. 86 (4): 327–334. doi:10.1111/j.0435-3684.2004.00172.x. S2CID 143541469.
• Lenntorp, Bo (July 1999). "Time-geography—at the end of its beginning". GeoJournal. 48 (3): 155–158. doi:10.1023/A:1007067322523. S2CID 142500989.
• Lenntorp, Bo; Törnqvist, Gunnar; Wärneryd, Olof; Öberg, Sture (December 2004). "Torsten Hägerstrand 1916–2004". Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography. 86 (4): 325–326. doi:10.1111/j.0435-3684.2004.00171.x. S2CID 144276349.
• Morrill, Richard (June 2005). "Hägerstrand and the 'quantitative revolution': a personal appreciation". Progress in Human Geography. 29 (3): 333–336. doi:10.1177/030913250502900311. S2CID 141459068.
• Persson, Olle; Ellegård, Kajsa (2012). "Torsten Hägerstrand in the citation time web". The Professional Geographer. 64 (2): 250–261. Bibcode:2012ProfG..64..250P. doi:10.1080/00330124.2011.601187. S2CID 129170618.
• Pred, Allan (June 2005). "Hägerstrand matters: life(-path) and death matters—some touching remarks". Progress in Human Geography. 29 (3): 328–332. doi:10.1177/030913250502900310. S2CID 143094462.
• Rose, Courtice G (February 1977). "Reflections on the notion of time incorporated in Hägerstrand's time-geographic model of society". Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie. 68 (1): 43–50. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9663.1977.tb01465.x.
• Sui, Daniel Z (July 2012). "Looking through Hägerstrand's dual vistas: towards a unifying framework for time geography". Journal of Transport Geography. 23: 5–16. doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2012.03.020.

External links

• "Torsten Hägerstrand" Encyclopædia Britannica