Tikka Khan (Urdu: ٹِکّا خاں; 10 February 1915 – 28 March 2002) was a Pakistani military officer who served as the first chief of the army staff from 1972 to 1976.[3] Along with Yahya Khan, he is considered a chief architect of the 1971 Bangladesh genocide that resulted in the deaths of up to 3,000,000 people.[4][5][6] His leadership of the Pakistani Army actions in Bangladesh led to him being dubbed the "Butcher of Bengal" by Bengalis.[2]
During the same time, he served as an instructor at the Indian Military Academy at Dehradun.[12]
New beginnings in Pakistan
After the efforts of Muslim League culminated in the partition of British India and the creation of Pakistan, Tikka Khan joined the Pakistan Army as a major in the Pakistan Army's Regiment of Artillery in 1947.[12] His military career progressed well and he got accelerated promotions in the army.[12] In 1949, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel. He worked hard to raise the Medium Regiment in the new army.[12] In 1950–54, he was promoted to colonel and became the deputy director at the directorate of artillery in the GHQ.[12]
In 1955, he was promoted to brigadier.[12] In 1962, he was promoted to major general and posted at the GHQ in Rawalpindi.[12]
In 1965, Major-General Tikka Khan was the GOC of the 8th Infantry Division that was positioned in Punjab, Pakistan.[14] At that time, the 8th Infantry Division consisted of the 51st ParatrooperBrigade and the 52nd Infantry Brigade.[14] In April 1965, the 8th Infantry Division intruded into the Rann of Kutch.[15] Hostilities broke out between India and Pakistan and Tikka Khan's 8th Division fought the Indian Army in the Battle of Rann of Kutch.[16][17] During the war, Tikka Khan earned a reputation as a victor of Rann of Kutch and was credited widely by the Pakistani press for the victories, he gained over the Indian Army.[12] He made a bold stand against the Indian Army's encirclement in the Sialkot sector in 1965.[12] He later led the 15th Infantry Division in the Indo-Pakistani war of 1965.[12]
After President Ayub Khan handed over the presidency to his army chief General Yahya Khan in 1969, Tikka Khan was promoted to lieutenant general to command the IV Corps, stationed in Lahore.[12] He was the martial law administrator of Punjab under President Yahya Khan who appointed him after replacing with Attiqur Rahman.[12] His personality was well known in Pakistan as being tough and ruthless.[12] In March 1971, Tikka Khan was sent to Dacca and left the post to Lieutenant General Bahadur Sher in March 1971.[12]
Under pressure by Bhutto and the Pakistan Peoples Party, President Yahya Khan postponed the National Assembly session despite meeting with and inviting the Awami League to form the government on 7 March.[18] Sheikh Mujibur Rahman reacted by calling upon the Bengali people to launch an armed liberation movement against Pakistan at a mass rally.[18] Responding to this, President Yahya Khan accepted the resignation of Lieutenant General Yaqub Khan as governor of East Pakistan and commander of the army's Eastern Command in March 1971 and appointed Lieutenant General Tikka Khan as his successor. Tikka Khan arrived in Dacca the same month and took over the governorship. He assumed command of the Eastern Command on 7 March 1971. He has faced accusations of killing thousands of civilians.[18][user-generated source][19][20]
Acting on the instructions of President Yahya Khan's administration, Lieutenant General Tikka Khan began preparations of "direct-wise military operation" against the Awami League on the evening of 25 March 1971.[21] Tikka Khan's order to his soldiers was I want the land and not the people.[22] Tikka Khan took assistance from loyal Bengalis and Biharis for the operation and organized a paramilitary force called Razakars.[citation needed] He ordered the arrest of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, outlawed the Awami League, and ordered a midnight attack on the University of Dhaka.[23] Tikka Khan was the architect and top planner of Operation Searchlight.[7] Thousands were killed in this operation, including academics and other members of civil society, and the country was plunged into a bloody civil war.[23]Fatima Bhutto called him "a soldier known for his eager use of force."[23] He became notorious as the "Butcher of Bengal."[24][25]
In West Pakistan, domestic criticism and disapproval of Lieutenant General Tikka Khan grew to the point that President Yahya Khan replaced him with a civilian government led by a governor and a cabinet drawn from different political parties.[26] Tikka Khan was recalled to Pakistan, relinquishing the Eastern Command to Lieutenant General Amir Khan Niazi,[27] and given command of the II Corps based in Multan, Punjab.[28] He commanded the II Corps during the 1971 war with India.[28] Indian Major General D. K. Palit has questioned the wisdom of Tikka Khan's tactics used in the Battle of Chhamb in December, citing high II Corps casualties incurred during Pakistani frontal attacks.[28]
In 1972, President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto removed Lieutenant General Gul Hassan Khan from his position as commander-in-chief of the army[29] and replaced him with Tikka Khan.[30] Tikka Khan was a highly unpopular choice in military circles for the chief of army staff because it was felt strongly that he was professionally unprepared for the assignment.[31] On the other hand, Tikka Khan was steadfastly loyal to Bhutto.[29] In 1972, he supported the militarisation of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission by supporting Munir Ahmad Khan to take over the commission's chairmanship and the directorship of the clandestine atomic bomb programme.[32] He was implicated in the Hamoodur Rahman Commission's[citation needed] report on the 1971 war with India over East Pakistan, but much of the report remains classified.
In 1974, Tikka Khan led the counterinsurgency military operation in Balochistan and successfully crushed Baloch independence movement.[33] In 1976, he provided his support to Ghulam Ishaq Khan and Bhutto to expand the clandestine nuclear weapons programme.[8] The same year, Tikka Khan was preparing to retire from the military, and evaluated the eight serving lieutenant generals who were his potential successors as chief of army staff. When asked by Bhutto for his opinion on Lieutenant General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, Tikka Khan did not recommend him. Tikka Khan later remarked, "I thought he was dull. In any case, he was the most junior of all the eight lieutenant generals."[34] However Bhutto by-passed his recommendations, approved Lieutenant General Zia-ul-Haq to four-star rank, and appointed him as army chief.[34] Upon retirement from the army, Khan joined the Pakistan Peoples Party.
Tikka Khan was appointed National Security Advisor in 1976 by Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto.[35] However, his tenure was short and ended when martial law was imposed by army chief General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq in 1977. General Zia ordered the military police to arrest both Bhutto and General Tikka Khan and placed them under house arrest.[36] Bhutto was executed in 1979, after which General Tikka Khan emerged as one of the leaders of the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), becoming its secretary general.[37]
Jail under Zia-ul-Haq
In 1980–88, Tikka Khan faced imprisonment numerous times for his political activities until President Zia-ul-Haq died in August 1988 in an aircraft explosion over Bahawalpur.[citation needed] In spite of Tikka's leadership position within the political opposition, many of his army protégés such as Sawar Khan, Iqbal Khan and Rahimuddin Khan were promoted to four-star rank and remained on deferential terms with him.[citation needed] In the 1988 general election, Tikka Khan ran unsuccessfully for a seat representing Rawalpindi.[37]
Governor of Punjab under Benazir Bhutto
He was appointed as the Governor of Punjab by Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto in December 1988.[37] His governorship ended when President Ghulam Ishaq Khan dismissed the government of Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto in August 1990, after which Tikka Khan retired from active politics.[37]
Throughout the 1990s, he battled with illness and was hospitalised in CMH Rawalpindi for several years. He refused many television interviews on the subject of the controversial events of 1971 and died on 28 March 2002.[38] He was survived by three sons and two daughters.[39]
^"General Tikka Khan". pakistanarmy.gov.pk. Pakistan Army. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
^Totten, Samuel; Parsons, William S.; Charny, Israel W. (2004). Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts. Psychology Press. pp. 295–303. ISBN978-0-415-94430-4. The Pakistani government (the Yahya regime) was primarily responsible for the genocide. Not only did it prevent the Awami League and Rahman from forming the federal government, but it opted for a military solution to a constitutional crisis. In doing so, it decided to unleash a brutal military operation in order to terrorize the Bengalis. Yahya's decision to put General Tikka Khan (who had earned the name of "Butcher of Baluchistan" for his earlier brutal suppression of Baluchi nationals in the 1960s) in charge of the military operation in Bangladesh was an overt signal of the regime's intention to launch a genocide.
^Nawaz, Shuja (2008). Crossed Swords: Pakistan, its Army, and the Wars Within. Oxford University Press. p. 266. Word spread within the army that Yaqub had lost his nerve. This was further strengthened by the choice of Lt. Gen. Tikka Khan as Yaqub's replacement. Tikka, a Janjua Rajput from a village near Kahuta in Rawalpindi district, was seen as a commander who followed orders to the letter.
^"Tikka Khan dead". The Hindu. 30 March 2002. In 1976, he joined the Pakistan People's Party and became Special Assistant on National Security to the then Prime Minister, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
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