Thespesia populnea, commonly known as the portia tree (/ˈpɔːrʃə/),[4]Pacific rosewood,[5]Indian tulip tree, or milo,[6] among other names, is a species of flowering plant belonging to the mallow family, Malvaceae. It is a tree found commonly on coasts around the world.[7] Although it is confirmed to be native only to the Old World tropics, other authorities consider it to have a wider, possibly pantropical native distribution.[1] It is thought to be an invasive species in Florida and Brazil.[8][9]
Distribution
Thespesia populnea is native to tropical coastlines and is adapted for oceanic dispersal and growth in island environments. It is known from both coasts of Africa, tropical Asia, northern Australia, the Pacific Islands (including Hawaii), the tropical Pacific coast of the Americas from Mexico south to Colombia, the West Indies, and Florida in the United States. Its exact native distribution has been debated, with most authorities considering it to be native only to the Old World tropics,[10] some others such as Plants of the World Online including the Pacific Islands in its native range,[11][12] and others such as the IUCN Red List and the USDA also including the tropical Americas within its native range. The IUCN only considers T. populnea to be introduced and invasive in Florida.[1][13] It may also be invasive in northern Brazil.[9]
Like the related Hibiscus tiliaceus, it was one of the main sources of bast fibers for the production of cordage and wood for Austronesianoutrigger ships and carving. Though the plant seeds can survive for months on sea currents, no remains of T. populnea have been recovered from Polynesia prior to the Austronesian expansion (c. 5,000 BP), thus it is regarded by some authors as a canoe plant, deliberately carried and introduced by Austronesian voyagers in the islands they settled.[14][15] However, it is still considered questionably indigenous to the Pacific islands, including Hawaii, by many other authorities.[1][11][12][16] In Hawaii, it is classified as a native species and is used in habitat restoration projects for the degraded Hawaiian tropical dry forests alongside the definitively native tree species Dodonaea viscosa and Cordia subcordata.[17][18][19]
Description
Pollen of T. populnea viewed under a light microscope
The Portia tree reaches a height of 6–10 m (20–33 ft) tall and its trunk can measure up to 20–30 cm (7.9–11.8 in) in diameter.[20] It grows at elevations from sea level to 275 m (902 ft)[21] in areas that receive 500–1,600 mm (20–63 in) of annual rainfall.[10] The Portia tree is able to grow in the wide range of soil types that may be present in coastal environments, including soils derived from quartz (sand), limestone, and basalt; it favours neutral soils (pH of 6–7.4).[20] Pollen grains are approximately 70 microns in diameter.
Uses
The heartwood of the Portia tree is dark reddish brown to chocolate brown and has a specific gravity of 0.55 to 0.89.[10]
Portia tree is known as milo or miro in Polynesian languages.[6] It is popular in Hawaii for woodworking (commonly turned into bowls)[22] because of the range of colours expressed (tan, through yellow, to red). The trees were regarded as sacred in Polynesian culture, and were commonly planted in marae sites along with trees like Ficus, Fagraea berteroana, Casuarina equisetifolia and Calophyllum inophyllum.[14][15] Traditionally it was planted in sacred groves and used for religious sculpture throughout eastern Polynesia. In Tahiti, Milo wood is used in the making of the to'ere (slotted wooden drum), used in traditional Tahitian tribal drumming. Makoʻi was used for the rongorongo tablets of Easter Island.[23] Since the advent of aluminium-hulled boats in the 20th century, Pitcairners have made regular trips to Henderson Island to harvest miro wood. Usually they venture to Henderson only once per year, but may make up to three trips if the weather is favourable. Pitcairners carve the wood into curios, from which they derive much of their income.[24]
In New Ireland, Portia wood is used to make hourglass drums. In Tonga, its bark is used to treat mouth infections among infants, and its wood is used to make canoes, house parts, and artwork.[25]
In Indonesia they are known as baru laut, baru pantai or waru lot. The Ambonese cook the leaves into a dish with vegetables.[26]
In some parts of the world, such as Hawaii and southern India, T. populnea is considered an important species in habitat restoration projects for coastal dry forests.[17][19][28]
Gallery
Thespesia populnea (banålu), Tumon beach, Guam
Thespesia populnea (banålu) flower, Tumon beach, Guam
^Yule, Henry, Sir. (1903). "PORTIA". In Crooke, William (ed.). The Hobson-Jobson Anglo-Indian dictionary. London. p. 727. ISBN978-1870836111. In S. India the common name of the Thespesia populnea, Lam. (N.O. Malvaceae), a favourite ornamental tree, thriving best near the sea. The word is a corruption of Tamil Puarassu, 'Flower-king; [puvarasu, from pu, 'flower,' arasu, 'peepul tree'].{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ ab"Milo". Te Māra Reo: The Language Garden. Benton Family Trust. 2023. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
^Oudhia, P., 2007. Thespesia populnea (L.) Sol. ex Corrêa. [Internet] Record from PROTA4U. Louppe, D., Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & Brink, M. (Editors). PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa / Ressources végétales de l’Afrique tropicale), Wageningen, Netherlands.
^ abcFrancis, John K. (1 January 2003). "Thespesia populnea (L.) Sol. ex Corrêa". Tropical Tree Seed Manual. Reforestation, Nurseries & Genetics Resources. Archived from the original(PDF) on 16 January 2009. Retrieved 20 February 2009.
^ abDotte-Sarout, Emilie; Kahn, Jennifer G. (November 2017). "Ancient woodlands of Polynesia: A pilot anthracological study on Maupiti Island, French Polynesia". Quaternary International. 457: 6–28. Bibcode:2017QuInt.457....6D. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2016.10.032.
^Heyne, Karel (1913). "Thespesia populnea". De nuttige planten van Nederlandsch-Indië (in Dutch). Bogor: Museum vor Economische Botanie & Ruygrok. pp. 207–8.
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