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The White Snake Enchantress
The White Snake Enchantress
	Theatrical poster
Directed by	Taiji Yabushita [ja]
Screenplay by	Taiji Yabushita
Story by	Shin Uehara
Based on	Legend of the White Snake
Produced by	Hiroshi Ôkawa
Starring	Hisaya Morishige; Mariko Miyagi
Narrated by	Hisaya Morishige
Cinematography	Takamitsu Tsukahara
Edited by	Shinataro Miyamoto
Music by	Chuji Kinoshita; Hajime Kaburagi; Masayoshi Ikeda
Production; company	Toei Doga
Distributed by	Toei Company
Release date	October 22, 1958;
Running time	78 minutes
Country	Japan
Language	Japanese

The White Snake Enchantress (白蛇伝, Hakujaden, Legend of the White Serpent) is a Japanese animated fantasy film. It is the first color anime feature film and Toei Animation's first theatrical feature film, released in 1958. It was one of the first three anime films to be released in America, under the title Panda and the Magic Serpent, premiering in 1961, the month after Magic Boy.^[1] It is also known variously as The Great White Snake and The Tale of the White Serpent. In April 2019, a restored version of the film was selected to be shown in the Cannes Classics section at the 2019 Cannes Film Festival.^[2]

Plot

Xu Xian, a young boy, once owned a pet snake in West Lake until his parents forced him to give her up. Years pass and during a violent storm, the snake magically transforms into the beautiful princess Bai-Niang.

Bai-Niang finds Xu-Xian, but the lovers are separated by a local monk, Fa-Hai, who believes that Bai-Niang is an evil spirit. Xu Xian's two panda pets, Panda and Mimi, try to find Xu Xian. In the end, Bai-Niang gives up her magical powers and remains in human form to prove that her love for Xu Xian is genuine.

Cast

Character	Japanese voice actor	English dubbing actor
Xu Xian	Hisaya Morishige	George Matsui
Panda		Fernando Tejeda
Fahai		Mel Welles
Dragon King		Bob Neuman
Catfish King
Narrator		Marvin Miller
Bai-Niang	Mariko Miyagi	Lisa Lu
Xiaoqing		Miiko Taka
Mimi		Virginia Blackman
Duck		Jodie McDowell
Weasel		Sara Meric

Production

The film is essentially an adaptation of the Song dynasty Chinese folktale Legend of the White Snake (白蛇傳).^[3] Shin Uehara adapted the folktale and kept the Chinese-style characters and names. The decision of a Chinese story being used as the concept blueprint came from Toei Doga president Hiroshi Ōkawa, who wanted to strike a tone of reconciliation with the Asian neighbors.^[4]

Given the point in time, the film pushed Japanese animation technology to the limit. The film was a large scale major project, involving a total of 13,590 staff; surprisingly, it only took eight months to finish.^[5] And while the film received honors at the Venice Children's Film Festival in Italy in 1959, it was regarded as a disappointment when released to the United States on July 8, 1961, by Global Pictures. Historically, this film marked Tōei Dōga's first attempt to follow the example of American feature animation studios and become the so-called "Disney of the east."

The US version made changes to the film such as interpreting the small red panda, Mimi, as a cat.^[6]

Rintaro, who would later go on to become a well known and respected director of Japanese animation, had his first job in the animation industry (at age 17) as an in-between animator on this film.^[7]^[8]

References

^ "Magic Boy (1959)". IMDbPro. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
^ "Cannes Classics 2019". Festival de Cannes. 26 April 2019. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
^ "Chinese Mythology." Bilingual Book Explanation of Legend of the White Snake. Retrieved on 2006-12-08. Archived 2006-12-09 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Anipages Daily." Anipages Daily. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
^ "Masterpiece of last 50 years Archived 2006-07-01 at the Wayback Machine." Japanese Animated Film Festival. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
^ Clements, Jonathan. McCarthy Helen. [2006] (2006). The Anime Encyclopedia: Revised & Expanded Edition. Berkeley, CA: Stone Bridge Press. ISBN 978-1-933330-10-5
^ Llewellyn, Richard (2007-05-12). "Rintaro Filmography". Animated Divots. Archived from the original on 2008-09-22. Retrieved 2008-08-22.
^ Berkwits, Jeff (2002-01-22). "Interview: Animation legend Rintaro reinvents the city to build a better Metropolis". Science Fiction Weekly. Sci Fi.com. Archived from the original on 2008-05-05. Retrieved 2008-08-22.