The Gherkin

This article is about the London skyscraper. For the pickled cucumber, see Gherkin.

The Gherkin
The Gherkin in 2007
Alternative names	30 St Mary Axe / the Swiss Re Building
General information
Status	Completed
Type	Office
Architectural style	Neo-futuristic / hi-tech / post-modern
Location	30 St Mary Axe, London, EC3[1][2]
Coordinates	51°30′52″N 00°04′49″W
Construction started	2001
Completed	2003[3]
Opened	28 April 2004 (2004-04-28)[4][5]
Cost	£138 million (plus land cost of £90.6 million)[8] adjusted for inflation: £288 million (plus land cost of £201 million)[8][9]
Owner	Safra Group[6]
Height
Roof	180 metres (591 ft)
Technical details
Floor count	41
Floor area	64,470 square metres (693,900 sq ft)
Design and construction
Architect(s)	Foster + Partners
Structural engineer	Arup
Main contractor	Skanska
Website
thegherkin.com
References
[7]

The Gherkin, officially 30 St Mary Axe and previously known as the Swiss Re Building, is a commercial skyscraper in London's primary financial district, the City of London. It was completed in December 2003 and opened in April 2004.^[10] With 41 floors, it is 180 metres (591 ft) tall^[3] and stands on the sites of the former Baltic Exchange and Chamber of Shipping, which were extensively damaged in 1992 in the Baltic Exchange bombing by a device placed by the Provisional IRA in St Mary Axe, a narrow street leading north from Leadenhall Street.^[4][11]

After plans to build the 92-storey Millennium Tower were dropped, 30 St Mary Axe was designed by Foster + Partners and the Arup Group.^[12] It was built by Skanska; construction started in 2001.^[3]

The building has become a recognisable landmark of London, and it is one of the city's most widely recognised examples of contemporary architecture. It won the 2003 Emporis Skyscraper Award.

Site and early plans

The building stands on the site of the former Baltic Exchange (24–28 St Mary Axe), which was the headquarters of a global marketplace for shipping freight contracts and soft commodities, and the Chamber of Shipping (30–32 St Mary Axe).^[4] The tower's topmost panoramic dome, known as the "Lens", recalls the iconic glass dome that covered part of the ground floor of the Baltic Exchange and much of which is now displayed at the National Maritime Museum.^[4][13] The Gherkin nickname was applied to the current building at least as early as 1999, referring to the plan's highly unorthodox layout and appearance.^[14]

On 10 April 1992, the Provisional IRA detonated a bomb close to the Baltic Exchange, causing extensive damage to the historic building and neighbouring structures.^[4][11] The United Kingdom government's statutory adviser on the historic environment, English Heritage, and the City of London's governing body, the City of London Corporation, were keen that any redevelopment must restore the Baltic Exchange's old façade onto St Mary Axe. The Exchange Hall was a celebrated fixture of the shipping market.^[15][16]

English Heritage then discovered that the damage was far more severe than initially thought, and they stopped insisting on full restoration, albeit over the objections of architectural conservationists.^[17] The Baltic Exchange and the Chamber of Shipping sold the land to Trafalgar House in 1995.^[18] Most of the remaining structures on the Baltic Exchange site were then carefully dismantled, and the interior of Exchange Hall and the façade were preserved, hoping for a reconstruction of the building in the future.^[18] The salvaged material was sold for £800,000 and moved to Tallinn, Estonia, where it awaits reconstruction as the centrepiece of the city's commercial sector.

In 1996, Trafalgar House submitted plans for the London Millennium Tower, a 386-metre (1,266 ft) building with more than 140,000 m² (1,500,000 sq ft) of office space, apartments, shops, restaurants and gardens. This plan was dropped after objections that it was totally out-of-scale in the City of London, and anticipated disruption to flight paths for both London City and London Heathrow airports; the revised plan for a lower tower was accepted.

Planning process

John Prescott, the Deputy Prime Minister, granted planning permission on 23 August 2000 to construct a building on the site, which would be much larger than the old Exchange.^[15] The site needed development, was not on any of the "sight lines" (planning guidance requires that new buildings do not obstruct or detract from the view of St Paul's Cathedral dome when viewed from a number of locations around London), and had housed the Baltic Exchange.

The plan for the site was to reconstruct the Baltic Exchange. GMW Architects proposed a new rectangular building surrounding a restored exchange: it would have the type of large floor plan that banks liked. Eventually, the planners realised that the exchange was not recoverable, forcing them to relax their building constraints; they hinted that an "architecturally significant" building might obtain a favourable reception from City authorities. This enabled alternative designs to be considered. The building was redesigned according to the client's needs, rather than for the needs of a large, capital-efficient, money-making building.^[19]

The new building's low-level plan satisfied the planning authority's desire to maintain London's traditional streetscape, with its narrow streets. The massing of the tower was not too imposing. Like Barclays' former city headquarters in Lombard Street, the idea was that the passer-by in neighbouring streets would be nearly oblivious to the tower's existence until directly underneath it.^{[citation needed]}

Foster + Partners was awarded the tender for its design for the building in 1999. The project was managed by RWG Associates, structural engineering was provided by Arup, and Skanska served as the main contractor.^[20]

Design and construction

The design by Foster + Assocs has been described as incorporating various architectural styles: high-tech architecture (also known as structural expressionism), neo-futurism, and post-modernism.^{[21][22][23][24]}

The building was constructed by Skanska, completed in December 2003 and opened on 28 April 2004.^[4] The main tenant of the building is Swiss Re, who had the building commissioned as the head office for its UK operation. The tower is thus sometimes known as the Swiss Re Building, although this name has never been official and was never in popular usage anyway, unlike the Gherkin moniker.^[25]

The Gherkin under construction

The building uses energy-saving methods which allow it to use only half the power that a similar tower would typically consume.^[25] Gaps in each floor create six shafts that serve as a natural ventilation system for the entire building, even though required firebreaks on every sixth floor interrupt the "chimney". The shafts create a giant double glazing effect; air is sandwiched between two layers of glazing and insulates the office space inside.^[4]

Architects promote double glazing in residential houses, which avoids the inefficient convection of heat across the relatively narrow gap between the panes, but the tower exploits this effect. The shafts pull warm air out of the building during the summer and warm the building in the winter using passive solar heating. The shafts also allow sunlight to pass through the building, making the work environment more pleasing, and keeping the lighting costs down.

The primary methods for controlling wind-excited sways are to increase the stiffness, or increase damping with tuned/active mass dampers. To a design by Arup, its fully triangulated perimeter structure makes the building rigid enough without any extra reinforcements. Despite its overall curved glass shape, there is only one piece of curved glass on the building, the lens-shaped cap at the apex.^[4]

On the building's top level (the 40th floor), there is a bar for tenants and their guests, with a panoramic view of London. A restaurant operates on the 39th floor, and private dining rooms on the 38th.^[25] Most buildings have extensive lift equipment on the roof of the building, but this was not possible for the Gherkin, since a bar had been planned for the 40th floor. The architects dealt with this by having the main lift only reach the 34th floor, with a separate push-from-below lift to the 39th floor. There is a marble stairwell and a disabled persons' lift, which leads the visitor up to the bar in the dome.

The building is visible over long distances: From the north, for instance, it can be seen from the M11 motorway, some 32 kilometres (20 mi) away,^[25][26] while to the west it can be seen from the statue of George III in Windsor Great Park.

After completion

In April 2005, a glass panel two thirds up the tower fell to the plaza beneath. The plaza was sealed off, but the building remained open. A temporary covered walkway, extending across the plaza to the building's reception, was erected to protect visitors. Engineers examined the other 744 glass panels on the building.^[27] The cost of repair was covered by main contractor Skanska and curtain-wall supplier Schmidlin (now called Schmidlin-TSK AG).^[25] The open-floor ventilation system did not operate as designed due to tenants adding glass partitions to increase security.^[28][29]

Since its completion, the building has won a number of awards for architecture. In October 2004, the architect was awarded the 2004 Stirling Prize. For the first time in the prize's history, the judges were unanimous.^[30] In December 2005, a survey of the world's largest firms of architects published in 2006 BD World Architecture 200 voted the tower as the most admired new building in the world. However, Ken Shuttleworth, who worked for Foster + Partners on the design of the building, said in 2011 that he believed the style was now out-moded: "I was looking at the glass all around and [thought], 'Why on earth did we do that?' Now we would do things differently".^[31] The building appeared in recent films such as Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince, A Good Year, Basic Instinct 2, and Match Point^[32] and, rechristened the Spirit of London, became the spaceship centrepiece of Keith Mansfield's 2008 novel Johnny Mackintosh and the Spirit of London.^[33]

In September 2006, the building was put up for sale with a price tag of £600 million.^[34] Potential buyers included British Land, Land Securities, Prudential, ING, and the Abu Dhabi royal family. On 21 February 2007, IVG Immobilien AG and UK investment firm Evans Randall completed their joint purchase of the building for £630 million, making it Britain's most expensive office building.^[35][36] Swiss Re made a gain of more than £300 million from the sale.^[37] The new owners are seeking compensation from four of their former managers on the deal, in which about £620 million was paid for a building with a build cost of about £200 million, giving the previous owners a clear £300 million profit.^[38]

Since February 2010,^[39] Sky News has broadcast its flagship business programme, Jeff Randall Live, from a studio in the building. The top two floors of the tower have been available since at least 2015 for private hire for events.^[40]

The Gherkin seen from Leadenhall Street

Deloitte announced in April 2014 that the building was again being put up for sale, with an expected price of £550 million.^[41] The current owners could not afford to make loan repayments, citing differences in the value of the multi-currency loan and the British pound, high interest rates and general financing structure.^[42] In November 2014, the Gherkin was purchased for £700 million by the Safra Group, controlled by the Lebanese - Brazilian billionaire Joseph Safra.^[6]

Roman tomb

In the construction process of 30 St Mary Axe, a skeleton of a teenage girl was unearthed and dated as roughly 1600 years old. To prevent damaging it throughout the construction process, it was stored in the Museum of London. In 2006, 3 years after the completion of the building, she was returned to and reburied on the site. Her tomb is visible and marked with an inscription in both Latin and English:^[43][44]

To the spirits of the dead	DIS MANIBVS
the unknown young girl	PVELLA INCOGNITA
from Roman London	LONDINIENSIS
lies buried here	HIC SEPVLTA EST

See also

• Landmarks of London
• Diagrid
• List of tallest buildings and structures in London
• Mathematics and architecture
• Phallic architecture, a list of similarly shaped buildings that includes 30 St Mary Axe

References

1. "Gherkin London".
2. "The Gherkin".
3. "30 St Mary Axe, London". Skanska. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 4 February 2010.
4. "30 St Mary Axe". Emporis. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 4 February 2010.
5. Worsley, Giles (28 April 2004). "Glory of the Gherkin". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022.
6. "Gherkin bought by Brazilian banking giant for £700m". The Daily Telegraph (Press release). London. 10 November 2014. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022.
7. "30 St Mary Axe". Emporis. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016.
8. "30 St Marys Axe, London – Building #58". Skyscrapernews.com. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
9. UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 7 May 2024.
10. "30 St Mary Axe". Emporis. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 4 February 2010.
11. "1993: IRA bomb devastates City of London". BBC News. 24 April 1993. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2 February 2010.
12. "30 St Mary Axe (The Gherkin)". Arup. Archived from the original on 18 February 2010. Retrieved 4 February 2010.
13. "Baltic Exchange Memorial Glass". rmg.co.uk. National Maritime Museum. Archived from the original on 23 June 2013. Retrieved 2 December 2014.
14. "No gherkins please, we're British". The Guardian. London. 6 August 1999. Retrieved 28 November 2009.
15. "'Erotic gherkin' for London skyline". BBC News. 23 August 2000. Archived from the original on 9 September 2010. Retrieved 7 February 2010.
16. Lane, Megan (5 July 2007). "Extreme restoration". BBC News. Archived from the original on 27 April 2010. Retrieved 6 February 2010.
17. Murray-West, Rosie (30 September 2000). "Baltic backs legal fight over 'gherkin'". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 6 February 2010.
18. "History – 1949-Today". Baltic Exchange. Archived from the original on 1 August 2010. Retrieved 4 February 2010.
19. "Issues – The newsletter of GMW Architects" (PDF). GMW Architects. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 October 2007. Retrieved 6 February 2010.
20. "30 St. Mary Axe | AJ Buildings Library". www.ajbuildingslibrary.co.uk. Retrieved 23 April 2023.
21. "The Gherkin, by the Pritzker Prize winner - Norman Foster". The Archspace. 18 March 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2023.
22. "Neo-futuristic Skyscraper vs. London Debris". Permatron. 6 April 2016. Retrieved 11 September 2023.
23. Astbury, Jon (11 November 2019). "High-tech architect Norman Foster". Dezeen. Retrieved 11 September 2023.
24. "The Gherkin: An architectural guide to 30 St. Mary Axe". MasterClass. 22 September 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2023.
25. Spring, Martin (2008). "30 St Mary Axe: A gherkin to suit all tastes". Building.co.uk. Retrieved 7 February 2010.
26. Hossenally, Rooksana. "The Gherkin, London, UK". EasyVoyage.co.uk. Retrieved 6 February 2010.
27. Bar-hillel, Mira; Harris, Ed (2005). "Safety fear over Gherkin". Evening Standard. London. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 4 February 2010.
28. Michael W Mehaffy; Rachelle Alterman; Haddad, Leila; Streit, Fabian; Tost, Heike; Schuch, Philipp; Wüst, Stefan; Pruessner, Jens C.; Rietschel, Marcella; Deuschle, Michael; Meyer-Lindenberg, Andreas (2019). "White Paper on TALL BUILDINGS RECONSIDERED: The Growing Evidence of a Looming Urban Crisis". Teka Komisji Urbanistyki I Architektury. 474 (7352): 10. ISSN 0028-0836. A notable case is London's sustainability-hyped "Gherkin" (Foster & Partners, 2003), where the building's open-floor ventilation system was compromised when security-conscious tenants created glass separations.
29. "TALL BUILDINGS RECONSIDERED The Growing Evidence of a Looming Urban Crisis" (PDF).
30. "Building prize for 'icon Gherkin'". BBC News. 16 October 2004.
31. Eden, Richard (26 June 2011). "Architect behind the Gherkin says he has finished designing strangely shaped edifices". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022.
32. Sandhu, Sukhdev (21 June 2006). "Sex on the skyline". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 6 February 2010.
33. "Keith Mansfield 2009 on Johnny Mackintosh and the spirit of London". BFKbooks. 2009. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2010.
34. Davey, Jenny (16 September 2006). "Prize Gherkin put up for sale". The Times. London. Archived from the original on 11 June 2011. Retrieved 4 February 2010.
35. Walsh, Fiona (6 February 2007). "Gherkin sold for £600m". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 1 January 2011. Retrieved 4 February 2010.
36. Inman, Phillip (6 February 2007). "Gherkin's £600m sale sets London property record". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 14 June 2009. Retrieved 4 February 2010.
37. "Why Swiss RE Would Sell The Gherkin... – Article #720". Skyscrapernews.com. 19 September 2006. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
38. "IVG seeks compensation from former managers over Gherkin deal". Property Mall. 10 December 2013. Archived from the original on 2 August 2017. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
39. Phipps, Nick (23 February 2010). "Sky's City Studio: 'Don't Mention The G-Word'". London: Sky News. Archived from the original on 1 February 2012. Retrieved 29 November 2010.
40. "Hire Searcys at the Gherkin". Hire Space. Archived from the original on 28 March 2015.
41. Macalister, Terry; Kollewe, Julia (24 April 2014). "Gherkin's salad days over amid financial pickle for London tower". The Guardian. London.
42. "Deloitte appointed Receivers to 30 St Mary Axe" (Press release). Deloitte. 24 April 2014. Archived from the original on 10 November 2014. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
43. "Tomb of the Unknown London Girl". Atlas Obscura. Retrieved 23 April 2023.
44. "Remains of Roman teenager buried". 17 April 2007. Retrieved 23 April 2023.

External links

• Official website
• Norman Foster's site about the project