Tesla and unions

IG Metall brochures in English and German for Tesla employees near Giga Berlin

Tesla, Inc. is an American electric car manufacturer which employs over 140,000 workers across its global operations as of January 2024^[update],^[1] almost none of which are unionized. Tesla CEO Elon Musk has commented negatively on trade unions in relation to Tesla. Despite allegations of high injury rates, long hours, and below-industry pay, efforts to unionize the workforce have been largely unsuccessful. There are active labor disputes with Tesla in the United States, Germany and Sweden.

Tesla is the only major American auto manufacturer not represented by a labor union in the United States. None of the unionization efforts in Fremont Factory and Gigafactory New York have been successful. In late 2023, United Auto Workers announced renewed efforts to unionize.

In Germany, Gigafactory Berlin-Brandenburg's non-union status and lower wages compared to industry standards weakens the structural power of the automotive union IG Metall. Gigafactory Berlin-Brandenburg and Tesla Automation have works councils, without union collective agreement coverage. Tesla Automation signed a remuneration-related works agreement with its works council, while refusing to sign a comparable collective agreement with IG Metall.

TM Sweden mechanics affiliated with IF Metall are on a historic strike since October 27, 2023, which expanded when other Swedish, Danish and Norwegian unions joined by initiating their own solidarity strikes. This is the longest strike in Sweden since the 1938 Saltsjöbaden Agreement and still ongoing as of December 2024^[update].

United States

Tesla is the only major American auto manufacturer not represented by a union in the United States.^[2] None of the unionization efforts since 2017 have been successful. These efforts were led by United Auto Workers (UAW) in Fremont Factory in 2017,^[3] United Steelworkers and International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers in Gigafactory New York (Giga New York) in 2018,^[4] and Workers United in Giga New York in 2023.^[5] Several months later, UAW announced renewed nation-wide organizing efforts.^[6]

Employer opposition to unions is common in the United States. In cases where there is illegal interference such as unfair labor practices, the National Labor Relations Act, which codifies worker rights – is not enforceable by civil law, such as penalties.^[7] Employees in a workplace can form a union if a majority sign union cards or vote in a supervised election. Despite overall low union density, recent organizing successes have renewed public interest.^[6][8] According to labor sociologist Joshua Mayor, unionization efforts sometimes fail not because workers are against unions, but because workers do not believe they can win.^[9] Presidential candidate Donald Trump stated that he supported Musk's policies of union-busting during an interview with Musk. The United Auto Workers later filed federal labor charges against Trump and Musk.^[10][11][12]

Fremont Factory

Tesla acquired the formerly unionized NUMMI plant in Fremont, California in 2010, which became the Tesla Fremont Factory.^[13][14] As of 2024, Tesla employs 70,000 workers across the United States, of which 20,000 work in the Fremont Factory.^[6]

United Auto Workers (UAW) president Dennis Williams expressed their interest in unionizing the factory in May 2016, shortly after Tesla announced increased local annual production targets of 500,000 vehicles by 2018, which would have placed it in the top ten sellers of new vehicles within the US.^[15] In the fall of 2016, Jose Moran, a Fremont Factory employee, contacted UAW, going public with a "Fair Future at Tesla" campaign in February 2017, citing high injury rates, long hours and below industry pay as motivations.^[3][16] In October 2017, Tesla fired Richard Ortiz, who was involved with the organizing campaign, which the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) later ruled to be illegal retaliation.^[17]

Nothing stopping Tesla team at our car plant from voting union. Could do so tmrw if they wanted. But why pay union dues & give up stock options for nothing? Our safety record is 2X better than when plant was UAW & everybody already gets healthcare.

Elon Musk, tweet from May 21, 2018^[18]

CEO Elon Musk published a tweet in May 2018,^[18] that implied workers would lose stocks if they formed a union. Three years later, the NLRB ordered Musk to delete that tweet, and reinstate former employee Ortiz with full back pay.^[19][20] Additionally Tesla would have to put up a notice in all of its US factories addressing the unlawful tweet.^[21]

Tesla appealed the NLRB's rulings to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, which in 2023 initially upheld the NLRB order.^[22] In a published response, Ortiz stated "I look forward to returning to work at Tesla and working with my co-workers to finish the job of forming a union".^[22] In a 2024 rehearing, the court reversed its decision, holding Musk's tweets to be constitutionally protected speech and that the NLRB must reconsider its order to reinstate Ortiz.^[23]

Five years after the initial tweet, Musk invited UAW, via another tweet, to hold a union election at their convenience without retaliation.^[24] UAW president Ray Curry responded that if Tesla was serious about supporting organizing, Tesla would acknowledge they broke the law when they fired Ortiz and Musk published the initial tweet.^[25]

UAW members picketing at General Motors in Michigan during the 2023 strike against the "Big Three"

A CNBC report in 2022 found that Tesla paid public relations firm MikeWorldWide to monitor a Tesla employee Facebook group and to monitor Tesla union organizers on social media from 2017 to 2018. MikeWorldWide monitored social network discussions regarding alleged unfair labor practices at Tesla and a sexual harassment lawsuit. Former and current Tesla employees told CNBC that they believed the company continued to monitor its workers on social media as of 2022.^[26]

UAW won 30–160 percent salary increases at the "Big Three" in late 2023.^[8] The new UAW president Shawn Fain attributed previous unionizing failures to internal corruption, "coziness" with management and bad collective agreements.^[6] UAW subsequently launched organizing drives at 13 non-union auto manufacturers, including Tesla,^[6] with a combined organizing budget of US$40 million through 2026.^[9] In contrast, in 2017 UAW had spent $422,000 on Tesla alone.^[27]

Giga New York

Tesla Workers United going public at Giga New York with Valentine's themed signs

In December 2018, 300 workers at the solar panel factory at Giga New York in Buffalo, New York, announced a unionization drive with the support of United Steelworkers (USW) and International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers unions.^[4] USW filed a complaint with the NLRB the following June, alleging that Tesla illegally surveilled workers and fired six in retaliation,^[28] but the case was withdrawn in August.^[29]

Workers tasked with labeling data for Tesla Autopilot at Giga New York in Buffalo announced a unionization effort with Workers United on February 14, 2023.^[5] Workers United previously led the first successful union drive at Starbucks, also in Buffalo, six miles away.^[30][31] A day after the announcement, Workers United filed charges with the NLRB against Tesla for firing 37 workers (including one organizing committee member) in alleged retaliation for union activity and to allegedly discourage union organizing.^[32][33] In November, the NLRB dismissed the retaliatory firing charge, but found merit in the other charges around workplace surveillance and captive audience meetings.^[34]

Following allegations raised by Workers United, the NLRB regional director in Buffalo, New York filed a complaint with the national board in April 2024 alleging that Tesla had illegally implemented company policies to prevent workers at its Buffalo plant from unionizing, for example by implementing an acceptable use policy that restricted workplace organizing.^[35]

Germany

Tesla is one of the few auto manufacturers in Germany that has not signed any individual company collective agreements nor is a member of the Employer Association in the Metal and Electronics Industry [de] as of 2024^[update]. The Metal and Electronics Industry refers to the network of companies that negotiate with IG Metall in each region.^[36]

German labor representation has a dual structure of trade unions and works councils. Trade unions like IG Metall negotiate collective agreements with individual employers and regional collective agreements with employers associations (e.g textile or chemical industries). Works councils are made up of elected employees in the workplace. They negotiate works agreements and have various co-determination, participation and information rights. In theory works councils do not overlap with collective bargaining regarding wage adjustments. While formally separate structures, many works council members are de-facto union representatives. Unions are financed by dues which are typically 1% of a member's salary. The more union members and the higher their salaries (due to collective agreements or not), the more financial resources a unions has.^[37]

Tesla poses a structural challenge to IG Metall in the automotive sector, because electric vehicle production requires 30 percent fewer workers than traditional internal combustion-engine vehicles.^[38] IG Metall membership (2005–2021) has declined by 9%, while the automotive labor market has grown, especially in companies without regional collective agreements.^[39] The overall trend of vehicle electrification and a non-union Tesla weakens IG Metall's bargaining power in the broader German automotive sector due to lower union density.^[38]

Tesla Automation

Tesla acquired Grohmann Engineering (now Tesla Automation) in January 2017, inheriting the existing works council. IG Metall and the works council chair Uwe Herzig said that wages at Grohmann Engineering in April, post-acquisition, were 25–30 percent below the equivalent of the regional collective agreements in the metal industry.^[40] In October, management and the works council concluded a works agreement that brought employee wages in line with regional collective agreements without explicitly signing a union collective agreement. IG Metall pushed for formal ratification, while acknowledging that there had been a "very good negotiation result". It credited the threat of strikes with pressuring Tesla to sign the works agreements.^[41]

Giga Berlin

IG Metall office at the train station adjacent to Giga Berlin

According to IG Metall, in October 2021, Tesla was offering employees at the new Gigafactory Berlin-Brandenburg (Giga Berlin), wages 20 percent below the equivalent collective agreements provided at other automotive facilities in Germany.^[42][43]

Seven non-union employees of Giga Berlin initiated the works council election [de] process in November 2021. Any employee is eligible to run as a works council candidate if they have at least six months tenure. Tesla eventually planned to hire 12,000 employees in total. In the first six months, Tesla hired 1,800 employees, mostly middle-management personnel. IG Metall expressed concern about the future works council being dominated by management, because only those with six months tenure would be eligible to run.^[44][45] In March 2022, employees elected their first works council. Nearly half voted for the manager-friendly "Gigavoice" slate.^[46]

IG Metall called for an investigation in January 2023, after workers reported they were being made to work longer hours, with less resting time between shifts. IG Metall also stated that workers were being forced to sign non-disclosure agreements and therefore were afraid of retribution if they openly discussed their working conditions.^[47][48]

Giga Berlin's initial workforce of 1,800 employees doubled quickly enough to trigger a rule requiring another works council election two years after the first one, instead of the usual four years.^[44] The second works council election was scheduled initially for March 18–20, 2024. IG Metall petitioned the Frankfurt (Oder) Labor Court [de] to file a preliminary injunction against the electoral board's proposed timeline. The original timeline set a deadline to submit candidate nominations lists by February 15. Given that Tesla factory production was suspended earlier for a month until February 11, due to supply chain disruptions by the Houthi militia in the Red Sea, this would have left each candidate list with only several work days to collect the mandatory 50 signatures from co-workers.^[49] The Frankfurt (Oder) Labor Court granted IG Metall's petition, however the electoral board and Tesla appealed to the Berlin-Brandenburg State Labor Court [de], which overruled the lower court, keeping the original election timeline.^[50]

The election concluded on March 20, with 234 candidates from nine lists.^[50] With 39% of the vote the "IG Metall Tesla Workers GFBB" list won the plurality of seats, with 16 out of 39, making them a large opposition. The remaining 23 seats were split among four non-union affiliated lists; 15 seats for "Giga United", 5 seats for "One Team", 2 seats for "Giga Fair" and 1 seat for "Giga für Alle" (Giga for all).^[51] Michaela Schmitz, the current works council chair, is vocally anti-union. During the final days of the works council election campaign, Schmitz ended a rally speech with "We do not need a union!" (German: Was wir nicht brauchen, ist eine Gewerkschaft!).^[52] On April 4, Schmitz was re-elected by the works council for a second term as chair. Schmitz comes from the "Giga United" list , which is composed mostly of managers.^[53] In total, 8,917 Tesla workers voted,^[51] out of 12,500 who were eligible.^[53]

An IG Metall member of the works council was fired in October, which IG Metall described as "aggressive tactics" against workers. IG Metall countered with its own lawsuit in December, to forcibly remove Michaela Schmitz as works council chair; alleging she hindered pro-union works council members.^[54]

Sweden

Mechanics affiliated with IF Metall, a Swedish trade union, initiated a strike on October 27, 2023, against TM Sweden, a Tesla vehicle service subsidiary, over the company's refusal to sign a collective agreement.^[55] The ongoing strike is the longest ever in Sweden within the past 80 years. Strikes are very rare under the "Swedish model" of social partnership, which was codified in the 1938 Saltsjöbaden Agreement that remains in effect to this day.^[56]

TM Sweden employs 130 mechanics in Sweden. About half of whom are IF Metal members.^[56] The strike, initially affecting mechanics at ten workshops servicing Tesla vehicles, later expanded to include other facilities servicing various car brands. While workers continued with regular tasks, they refrained from servicing Tesla vehicles during the strike.^[57] Strikebreakers arrived at Tesla service centers, prompting concerns among the strikers about their impact on the labor dispute.^[58][56] Strikers were banned from the company premises. According to union leader Gabriel Kuhn, Tesla contacted individual strikers after family members shared news of the strikes on social media, which discouraged non-union participation in the strike.^[56] The Swedish National Mediation Office [sv] statistics showed that one-third of the 130 mechanics participated in the original Sweden strikes.^[59] Non-union members and even some IF Metal union members did not participate in the strikes.^[56]

Other Swedish trade unions joined in a month later in November,^[60] through sympathy (solidarity) strikes, which are legal in Sweden.^[61] The Swedish Transport Workers' Union (Swedish: Svenska Transportarbetareförbundet) blocked the loading and unloading of Tesla cars,^[62][63][64] while dockworker, electrician and postal unions halted services to Tesla.^[60] Elon Musk has reportedly instructed TM Sweden not to sign any collective agreements.^[65] The Swedish Union for Service and Communications Employees (Swedish: Service- och Kommunikationsfacket) expanded the strike by halting maintenance and installation of Tesla charging stations.^[59] Over the next few months, solidarity strikes for the Swedish campaign expanded to other Nordic countries, with port workers of United Federation of Danish Workers (Danish: Fagligt Fælles Forbund),^[66] United Federation of Trade Unions (Norwegian: Fellesforbundet)^[67] and Finnish Transport Workers' Union (Finnish: Auto- ja Kuljetusalan Työntekijäliitto) joining the strike.^[68] Tesla maneuvered around the union blockade by moving vehicles by land instead of sea, and sold 1% more cars in 2024 than in 2023.^[69]

The strike led to the pension fund PensionDanmark [da] divesting its Tesla shares in protest. In response to the escalations, Tesla posted a job opening for a Swedish government affairs specialist with "significant experience with Nordic legislative and regulatory advocacy", presumably to help with lobbying efforts.^[70] In September 2024, a foreign delegation of Ford Germany works council members and IG Metall deputies joined the Tesla service center picket line in Malmö, Sweden as the strike continued.^[71]

See also

• Volkswagen and unions
• Criticism of Tesla, Inc. § Working conditions
• Views of Elon Musk

References

1. "Annual Report Form 10-K 2023 Tesla Inc". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. January 26, 2024. Archived from the original on January 29, 2024. Retrieved February 8, 2024.
2. Budman, Scott (September 3, 2024). "Protesters Call out Tesla for Being Only American Car Company Not Represented by Union". NBC Bay Area. Archived from the original on September 9, 2024. Retrieved September 15, 2024.
3. Campbell, Alexia Fernández (September 30, 2019). "Elon Musk Broke US Labor Laws on Twitter". Vox. Archived from the original on January 16, 2021. Retrieved December 24, 2021.
4. Eidelson, Josh (December 13, 2018). "Tesla Workers Start a Drive to Unionize Solar-Panel Factory". Bloomberg Law. Archived from the original on January 17, 2024. Retrieved January 16, 2024.
5. Shakir, Umar (February 14, 2023). "Tesla Workers in New York Are Trying to Form the Company's First Union". The Verge. Archived from the original on May 29, 2023. Retrieved May 29, 2023.
6. Hull, Dana; Eidelson, Josh (January 11, 2024). "Tesla Boosts Pay for Fremont Factory Workers Whom the UAW Wants to Unionize". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on July 25, 2024. Retrieved September 15, 2024.
7. Rhinehart, Lynn; McNicholas, Celine (April 22, 2021). "Shortchanged—weak Anti-Retaliation Provisions in the National Labor Relations Act Cost Workers Billions". Economic Policy Institute. Archived from the original on September 20, 2024. Retrieved September 18, 2024.
8. Shierholz, Heidi; McNicholas, Celine; Poydock, Margaret; Sherer, Jennifer (January 23, 2024). "Workers Want Unions, But the Latest Data Point to Obstacles in Their Path: Private-Sector Unionization Rose by More Than a Quarter Million in 2023, While Unionization in State and Local Governments Fell". Economic Policy Institute. Archived from the original on September 16, 2024. Retrieved September 16, 2024.
9. Scheiber, Noam (March 2, 2024). "Big Labor Gamble: Push to Unionize Every U.S. Auto Plant". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 16, 2024. Retrieved September 15, 2024.
10. Krisher, Tom (August 13, 2024). "Trump and Musk Discussed Firing Striking Workers. The UAW Is Now Seeking an NLRB Investigation". PBS News. Archived from the original on September 29, 2024. Retrieved October 1, 2024.
11. Goldman, David (August 13, 2024). "UAW Files Federal Labor Charges Against Donald Trump and Elon Musk After Threatening Workers on X". CNN. Archived from the original on September 3, 2024. Retrieved October 1, 2024.
12. Picciotto, Rebecca; Kolodny, Lora (August 13, 2024). "UAW Hits Musk, Trump with Federal Labor Charges over Union-Busting Comments". CNBC. Archived from the original on September 30, 2024. Retrieved October 1, 2024.
13. Gonzales, Richard (April 1, 2010). "NUMMI Plant Closure Ends Toyota-GM Venture". NPR. Archived from the original on August 23, 2024. Retrieved October 3, 2024.
14. DeBord, Matthew (October 27, 2017). "Tesla Bought an Old GM-Toyota Factory and Made It Cool — but in Its Former Life It Built a Lot More Cars". Business Insider. Archived from the original on May 29, 2023. Retrieved May 29, 2023.
15. Bomey, Nathan (May 19, 2016). "UAW Wants Union for Tesla Factory". USA Today. Archived from the original on December 24, 2021. Retrieved December 24, 2021.
16. Moran, Jose (February 9, 2017). "Time for Tesla to Listen". Medium. Archived from the original on July 21, 2024. Retrieved September 15, 2024.
17. Scheiber, Noam (March 25, 2021). "Tesla Employee's Firing and Elon Musk Tweet on Union Were Illegal, Labor Board Rules". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 24, 2021. Retrieved December 24, 2021.
18. Musk, Elon [@elonmusk] (May 20, 2018). "Nothing Stopping Tesla Team at Our Car Plant from Voting Union. Could Do so tmrw if they wanted. But why pay union dues & give up stock options for nothing? Our safety record is 2X better than when plant was UAW & everybody already gets healthcare" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
19. Kolodny, Lora (March 25, 2021). "Tesla Ordered to Have Elon Musk Delete Anti-Union Tweet". CNBC. Archived from the original on May 27, 2024. Retrieved December 14, 2021.
20. McFerran, Lauren; Emanuel, William J.; Ring, John F. (March 25, 2021). Tesla, Inc. And Michael Sanchez, Jonathan Galescu, Richard Ortiz and International Union, United Automobile, Aerospace and Agricultural Implement Workers of America, AFL–CIO (decision and order). Decisions of the NLRB. National Labor Relations Board. pp. 9, 10. Archived from the original on December 24, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2022. General Counsel argues that to remedy fully CEO Musk's unlawful May 20, 2018 tweet, which coercively threatened that employees would lose their stock options if they selected the Union as their representative, the Board should order the Respondent to have Musk delete that tweet and to post a notice addressing that violation at its facilities nationwide. ... (f) Direct its agent and supervisor, CEO Elon Musk, to delete his May 20, 2018 statement
21. Peters, Jay (March 25, 2021). "Tesla Has to Tell Elon Musk to Delete a 2018 Tweet, Labor Board Rules". The Verge. Archived from the original on December 24, 2021. Retrieved December 24, 2021.
22. Scheiber, Noam (March 31, 2023). "Tesla and Musk Lose Ruling on Factory Union Issues". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 11, 2023. Retrieved April 29, 2023.
23. McGill, Kevin (October 29, 2024). "Elon Musk wins a court battle over a 2018 post during a labor dispute". Retrieved October 30, 2024.
24. Boston, William; Elliott, Rebecca (March 3, 2022). "Elon Musk Invites UAW to Hold Union Vote at Tesla". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on March 3, 2022. Retrieved March 3, 2022. 'Tesla will do nothing to stop them,' the chief executive says
25. Wayland, Michael; Kolodny, Lora (March 29, 2022). "Tesla Should Accept That It Violated Labor Laws If Elon Musk Is Serious About Inviting the UAW to Organize Workers, Union Chief Ray Curry Says". CNBC. Archived from the original on May 22, 2023. Retrieved May 22, 2023.
26. Kolodny, Lora (June 3, 2022). "Tesla Monitored Its Employees on Facebook with Help of PR Firm During 2017 Union Push". CNBC. Archived from the original on June 4, 2022. Retrieved June 4, 2022.
27. Lea, Brittany De (April 10, 2018). "Tesla Corporate Campaign Costs UAW Hundreds of Thousands". Fox Business. Archived from the original on June 22, 2024. Retrieved September 15, 2024.
28. Rapier, Graham (June 21, 2019). "Workers at Tesla's Buffalo Solar Tile Factory Say the Company Sabotaged Their Efforts to Find New Jobs After Trying to Unionize". Business Insider. Archived from the original on January 17, 2024. Retrieved January 16, 2024.
29. "Tesla Case Number: 03-CA-243522". National Labor Relations Board. August 29, 2019. Archived from the original on December 6, 2023. Retrieved February 8, 2024.
30. Eidelson, Josh (February 14, 2023). "Tesla Workers Launch Union Campaign in New York". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on February 14, 2023. Retrieved February 14, 2023.
31. Stancil, Kenny (February 14, 2023). "Tesla Workers Are Organizing a Union in Buffalo—With Help From Starbucks Veterans". Common Dreams. Archived from the original on May 29, 2023. Retrieved May 29, 2023.
32. Eidelson, Josh (February 16, 2023). "Tesla Just Terminated Dozens in Response to New Union Campaign, Complaint Alleges". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on February 16, 2023. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
33. Ewing, Jack; Scheiber, Noam (February 16, 2023). "Tesla Fired Buffalo Workers Seeking to Organize, Union Says". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 22, 2023. Retrieved May 22, 2023.
34. Glynn, Matt (November 28, 2023). "NLRB Director Dismisses Claims by Union That Tesla Illegally Fired Workers". Buffalo News. Archived from the original on January 17, 2024. Retrieved January 17, 2024.
35. Kolodny, Lora (May 9, 2024). "Tesla Accused by NLRB of Creating Policies to Chill Workers' Unionizing Efforts in Buffalo". CNBC. Archived from the original on May 15, 2024. Retrieved May 15, 2024.
36. "Tesla Lehnt Tarifverträge Für Beschäftigte Weiterhin Ab" [Tesla continues to reject collective agreements for workers]. Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg (in German). January 7, 2024. Archived from the original on January 20, 2024. Retrieved September 15, 2024.
37. Müller, Torsten; Schulten, Thorsten (June 14, 2023). "Chapter 12 Germany: Different worlds of trade unionism" (PDF). In Waddington, Jeremy; Müller, Torsten; Vandaele, Kurt (eds.). Trade Unions in the European Union. Peter Lang Verlag. pp. 459–502. doi:10.3726/b20254. ISBN 978-2-87574-635-1. Archived from the original on July 15, 2024. Retrieved September 15, 2024 – via European Trade Union Institute.
38. Levin, Tim (April 3, 2021). "Tesla Is on a Collision Course with Germany's Biggest Union and Neither Side Is Likely to Back Down". Business Insider. Archived from the original on December 24, 2021. Retrieved December 24, 2021.
39. Dupuis, Mathieu; Greer, Ian; Kirsch, Anja; Lechowski, Grzegorz; Park, Dongwoo; Zimmermann, Tobias (May 8, 2024). "A Just Transition for Auto Workers? Negotiating the Electric Vehicle Transition in Germany and North America". ILR Review: 9. doi:10.1177/00197939241250001. ISSN 0019-7939.
40. Vetter, Philipp (April 16, 2017). "Tesla: ÄRger Mit Dem Maschinenbauer Grohmann" [Tesla: Trouble with the machine manufacturer Grohmann]. Die Welt (in German). Archived from the original on December 24, 2021. Retrieved December 24, 2021.
41. Vetter, Philipp (October 18, 2017). "Deutschland: Tesla Einigt Sich Auf Deutliche Gehaltssteigerung" [Germany: Tesla agrees on significant salary increase]. Die Welt (in German). Archived from the original on August 31, 2018. Retrieved December 24, 2021.
42. Waldersee, Victoria (October 7, 2021). "Tesla's Gigafactory Electrifies California-Germany Culture Clash". Reuters. Archived from the original on December 24, 2021. Retrieved December 24, 2021.
43. Eddy, Nathan (January 3, 2022). "German Union Steps up Efforts to Recruit Tesla Workers with Office Near Berlin Plant". Automotive News Europe. Archived from the original on January 6, 2022. Retrieved January 6, 2022.
44. Barnstorf, Phillip (November 25, 2021). "IG Metall Fürchtet Strategie in Früh Gewähltem Tesla-Betriebsrat". Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg (in German). Archived from the original on January 1, 2022. Retrieved December 24, 2021.
45. Waldersee, Victoria (November 24, 2021). "German Union Fears New Tesla Works Council Will Be Top Heavy". Reuters. Archived from the original on December 14, 2021. Retrieved December 14, 2021.
46. "Erster Betriebsrat Bei Tesla Steht Fest" [The first works council at Tesla has been set]. Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg (in German). Archived from the original on January 23, 2023. Retrieved June 25, 2022.
47. "Tesla Under Fire in Germany over Union Concerns on Working Hours, Contracts". Reuters. January 16, 2023. Retrieved January 16, 2023.
48. Bhaimiya, Sawdah (January 16, 2023). "A Major Union in Germany Says Workers at Tesla's Berlin Factory Face Unreasonable Working Hours and Fear Speaking Out". Yahoo News. Archived from the original on January 16, 2023. Retrieved January 16, 2023.
49. "IG Metall Will Betriebsratswahl Bei Tesla in Grünheide Vorläufig Stoppen" [IG Metall intends to temporarily stop Tesla's election of works council in Grünheide]. Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg (in German). February 6, 2024. Archived from the original on February 6, 2024. Retrieved February 6, 2024.
50. "Tesla-Beschäftigte Haben Betriebsrat Gewählt - IG Metall Liegt Vorn" [Tesla workers have voted a works council - IG Metall is ahead]. Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg (in German). March 22, 2024. Archived from the original on June 14, 2024. Retrieved June 14, 2024.
51. Verfürden, Michael (March 20, 2024). "IG Metall Gewinnt Betriebsratswahl Bei Tesla" [IG Metall wins works council election at Tesla]. Handelsblatt (in German). Archived from the original on September 16, 2024. Retrieved September 16, 2024.
52. Verfürden, Michael (March 19, 2024). "Betriebsratswahl Spaltet Teslas Belegschaft in Grünheide" [Works council election splits Tesla's workforce in Grünheide]. Handelsblatt (in German). Archived from the original on September 16, 2024. Retrieved September 16, 2024.
53. "Neugewählter Tesla-Betriebsrat Bestätigt Michaela Schmitz Als Vorsitzende" [Newly elected Tesla works council confirms Michaela Schmitz as chairwoman]. Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg (in German). April 5, 2024. Archived from the original on August 25, 2024. Retrieved August 25, 2024.
54. Steitz, Christoph; Waldersee, Victoria (December 17, 2024). "Tesla castigates German union over attempt to oust works council head". Reuters.
55. "Strejk Inledd På Tesla I Sverige" [Strike started at Tesla in Sweden]. SVT Nyheter (in Swedish). October 27, 2023. Archived from the original on November 6, 2023. Retrieved November 6, 2023.
56. Kuhn, Gabriel (May 8, 2024). "The Head of SAC: Tesla Faces a 'Stalemate' in Sweden as the Longest Strike in Decades Grinds On". Turning Point. Archived from the original on June 14, 2024. Retrieved June 14, 2024.
57. Backman, Wilma (November 3, 2023). "Strejken Mot Tesla Och Klarna Utvidgas: 'Ser Ingen Annan Utväg'" [The strike against Tesla and Klarna is extended: 'Sees no other way out']. SVT Nyheter (in Swedish). Archived from the original on November 7, 2023. Retrieved November 6, 2023.
58. "Facket Larmar Om Strejkbrytare Vid Tesla: 'Folk ÄR Livrädda'" [The union raises the alarm about strike breakers at Tesla: 'People are terrified']. TV4 (in Swedish). October 27, 2023. Archived from the original on November 6, 2023. Retrieved November 6, 2023.
59. "Swedish Tesla Strike Expands to Include Charging Stations". Le Monde. February 21, 2024. Archived from the original on March 11, 2024. Retrieved March 11, 2024.
60. "Tesla Labour Dispute Ignites Nordic Sympathy Strikes". Reuters. December 7, 2023. Archived from the original on December 10, 2023. Retrieved September 27, 2024.
61. Stewart, Heather (December 1, 2023). "'We Can't Let Tesla Get Away with This': Why Swedish Unions Are Fighting Elon Musk". The Guardian. Archived from the original on September 16, 2024. Retrieved December 3, 2023.
62. Kaye, Danielle. "Swedish Dockworkers Are Refusing to Unload Teslas at Ports in Broad Boycott Move". NPR. Retrieved October 10, 2024.
63. De Vynck, Gerrit. "Tesla Strike in Sweden Is Biggest Test yet of Elon Musk's Anti-Union Stance". Washington Post. Retrieved October 10, 2024.
64. Eddy, Melissa (November 5, 2023). "Job Action Against Tesla Puts Sweden's Unions in Spotlight". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 6, 2023. Retrieved November 6, 2023.
65. Öhrn, Linda (November 21, 2023). "Ordern Från Elon Musk: Tesla Får Inte Skriva På Något Avtal" [The order from Elon Musk: Tesla must not sign any collective agreement]. Dagens industri (in Swedish). Archived from the original on November 23, 2023. Retrieved November 23, 2023.
66. Conley, Julia (December 5, 2023). "Danish Dockworkers Dial Up Pro-Union Pressure on Tesla With Solidarity Strike". Common Dreams. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved December 7, 2023.
67. "Norway Union Joins Tesla Blockade in Support for Swedish Workers". Reuters. December 6, 2023. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved December 7, 2023.
68. "The AKT Executive Committee Decided on Sympathy Actions for Tesla". Finnish Transport Workers' Union. December 7, 2023. Archived from the original on February 6, 2024. Retrieved December 7, 2023.
69. "Tesla Raises Sweden Market Share Despite Labour Strike". Reuters. October 1, 2024. Archived from the original on October 2, 2024. Retrieved October 9, 2024.
70. Campbell, Peter; Milne, Richard (December 14, 2023). "Wanted: Nordic Expert to Help Elon Musk Defuse Tesla Union Row". Financial Times. Archived from the original on December 23, 2023. Retrieved December 23, 2023.
71. "Solidarity in Malmö as Ford Workers Join Tesla Picket Line". IndustriALL. September 12, 2024. Archived from the original on September 20, 2024. Retrieved September 20, 2024.

External links

• Tesla Worker Rights Archived December 7, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
• IG Metall bei Tesla (English) Archived September 3, 2024, at the Wayback Machine. Additional archives: English.
• Fair Future Tesla Archived October 11, 2023, at the Wayback Machine
• Tesla Workers United Archived February 18, 2023, at the Wayback Machine