Template:Refn

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This template is used on approximately 43,000 pages and changes may be widely noticed. Test changes in the template's /sandbox or /testcases subpages, or in your own user subpage. Consider discussing changes on the talk page before implementing them.

This template is used to create footnotes in Wikipedia, as an alternative and complement to the <ref> tag.

Purpose

Because of a technical limitation, some of the standard Wikipedia markup elements that are often used in the article prose do not work within a set of <ref>...</ref> tags, including but not limited to the pipe trick, template substitution and another "nested" set of <ref>...</ref> tags. For example, the following does not work as expected:

<ref>[[Help:Footnotes|]]</ref> (Generates: [[Help:Footnotes|]] instead of a wikilink)
<ref>{{SUBST:TODAY}}</ref> (Generates: {{SUBST:TODAY}} instead of the date that the edit was made)
<ref>Explanatory footnote<ref>Citation</ref></ref> (Generates: Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page). </ref>)

Replacing the outermost <ref>...</ref> set with {{Refn}} allows for the use of the markup elements listed above.

Usage

{{refn|group=groupname|name=name|Contents of the footnote}}

groupname: Groupname per WP:REFGROUP; if not specified, then the main and nested references will be rendered into the same reference list
name: Reference name per WP:REFNAME

Names for footnotes and groups must follow these rules:

Names are case-sensitive. Please do not use raNdOM capitalization.
Names must not be purely numeric; the software will accept something like ":31337" (which is punctuation plus a number), but it will ignore "31337" (purely numeric).
Names should have semantic value, so that they can be more easily distinguished from each other by human editors who are looking at the wikitext. This means that ref names like "Nguyen 2010" are preferred to names like ":31337".
Names must be unique. You may not use the same name to define different groups or footnotes. Try to avoid picking a name that someone else is likely to choose for a new citation, such as ":0" or "NYT".
Please consider keeping reference names short, simple, and restricted to the standard English alphabet and numerals. If spaces are used, the following technical restrictions become relevant:
- Quotation marks are preferred but optional if the only characters used are letters A–Z, a–z, digits 0–9, and the symbols !$%&()*,-.:;<@[]^_`{|}~. That is, all printable ASCII characters except #"'/=>?\ and space.
- Inclusion of any other characters, including spaces, requires that the reference name be enclosed in quotes; for example, name="John Smith". But quote-enclosed reference names may not include a less-than sign (<) or a double straight quote symbol ("), which may, however, be included by escaping as < and " respectively.
- The quote marks must be the standard, straight, double quotation marks ("); curly or other quotes will be parsed as part of the reference name.
You may optionally provide reference names even when the reference name is not required. This makes later re-use of the sourced reference easier.

Examples

Footnotes with citations

Markup

Renders as

An example.{{refn|group=note|name=first|A note.<ref>An included reference.</ref>}}
Another example.{{refn|group=note|Another note.<ref>Another included reference.</ref>}}
A third example.{{refn|group=note|The third note.<ref>The reference in the third note.</ref>}}
Repeating the first example.{{refn|group=note|name=first}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

An example.^{[note 1]} Another example.^{[note 2]} A third example.^{[note 3]} Repeating the first example.^{[note 1]}

Notes

^ ^a ^b A note.^[1]
^ Another note.^[2]
^ The third note.^[3]

References

^ An included reference.
^ Another included reference.
^ The reference in the third note.

Other forms of citations

Markup

Renders as

An example.{{refn|group=note|name=first|A note.<ref>The reference in the first note.</ref>}}
Another example.{{refn|name=ref|Another reference, but without a note.}}
A third example.{{refn|group=note|A second note.<ref>The reference in the second note.</ref>}}
Repeating the first example.{{refn|group=note|name=first}}
Repeating the second example.{{refn|name=ref}}
A fourth example with citation templates.{{refn|name=harv|{{cite book|author=Smith|title=The Solar System|year=2005|mode=cs2}}, quoted in {{harvnb|Jones|2020|p=25}}.}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

An example.^{[note 1]} Another example.^[2] A third example.^{[note 2]} Repeating the first example.^{[note 1]} Repeating the second example.^[2] A fourth example with citation templates.^[4]

Notes

^ ^a ^b A note.^[1]
^ A second note.^[3]

References

^ The reference in the first note.
^ ^a ^b Another reference, but without a note.
^ The reference in the second note.
^ Smith (2005), The Solar System, quoted in Jones 2020, p. 25.

Substitution

The first example shows that substitution does not work in a regular <ref>...</ref> tag (the |access-date= does not appear correctly). The second example shows that the |access-date= is substituted correctly within {{refn}}.

Markup Renders as

<ref>{{cite web |access-date={{Subst:TODAY}} |title=Languages |work=Apache HTTP Server |agency=Ohloh |publisher= Black Duck Software |url=https://www.ohloh.net/p/apache/analyses/latest/languages_summary}}</ref>
{{reflist}}

^[1]

^ "Languages". Apache HTTP Server. Black Duck Software. Ohloh. Retrieved {{Subst:TODAY}}. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |access-date= (help)

{{refn|{{cite web |access-date={{Subst:TODAY}} |title=Languages |work=Apache HTTP Server |agency=Ohloh |publisher= Black Duck Software |url=https://www.ohloh.net/p/apache/analyses/latest/languages_summary}}}}
{{reflist}}

^[1]

^ "Languages". Apache HTTP Server. Black Duck Software. Ohloh. Retrieved 4 April 2014.

Errors

If the reference or note content is missing, then Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; refs with no name must have content. will be displayed.

If the note content contains an equals sign (=), the equals sign will be interpreted as setting off a named parameter and cause an error. This can be worked around by using a numbered parameter, for example:

Markup	Renders as
{{refn\|1+1=2}}	Cite error: There are <ref> tags on this page without content in them (see the help page).
{{refn\|1= 1+1=2}}	^[1] ^ 1+1=2

There are several predefined groups that can have a reference list styled so that the label (a superscripted character within square brackets, e.g., ^[1]) of an explanatory note or citation (a.k.a. footnote, reference) matches and links to the note marker label located in the main text and the label in front of the note's text in the appropriate group's list. There can be more than one of these groups' lists in the Notes, References and other similarly purposed sections.

These predefined note and citation groups have templates that make the wikitext markup simpler. These templates also allow a standard reference to be inserted, so that an explanatory note can have a reference, or citations can be nested.

Note: If the note's text has a reference name that is used more than once, the labels will still match, but the clickable alpha characters (superscript lowercase letters like ^{a b c}) will be next to the note's label, with links to the multiple locations of its marker in the main text. See WP:REFNAME and the first point below in § Issues.

Template use by reference group type

Group type	Footnote marker template or markup	Reference list template	Sample labels
none by default, but optionally any	`<ref>...</ref>`	`{{reflist}}`	1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
	`{{r}}` (for nested references)
	`{{refn}}` (for nested references)
lower-alpha	`{{efn}}` `{{efn-la}}`	`{{notelist}}` `{{notelist-la}}`	a b c d e f g h i j
upper-alpha	`{{efn-ua}}`	`{{notelist-ua}}`	A B C D E F G H I J
lower-roman	`{{efn-lr}}`	`{{notelist-lr}}`	i ii iii iv v vi vii viii ix x
upper-roman	`{{efn-ur}}`	`{{notelist-ur}}`	I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X
lower-greek	`{{efn-lg}}`	`{{notelist-lg}}`	α β γ δ ε ζ η θ ι κ
note	`{{NoteTag}}` `{{efn-num}}`	`{{NoteFoot}}` `{{notelist-num}}`	note 1 note 2 note 3

{{efn}} supports |name=, which works the same as the parameter in <ref> (see, for instance, the 4th and 5th examples below). It also supports |group=, which functions similarly to the parameter of the same name in <ref> but accepts only 'lower-alpha', 'upper-alpha', 'lower-roman', 'upper-roman', 'lower-greek', or 'note'. Do not enclose values in quotes.
{{notelist}} supports the |colwidth= and |refs= parameters, which work the same as the same parameters in {{reflist}}, and |group=, which works similarly to the parameter of the same name in {{efn}}. Do not enclose values in quotes.

In these examples, the footnote labels match between the footnote marker and the reference list:

With lower-alpha labels
Markup	Renders as
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn\|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn\|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn\|Footnote 3}} {{notelist}}	Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.^[a] Consectetur adipisicing elit.^[b] Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.^[c] ^ Footnote 1 ^ Footnote 2 ^ Footnote 3

With lower-roman labels

Markup

Renders as

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn-lr|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn-lr|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn-lr|Footnote 3}}

{{notelist-lr}}

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.^[i] Consectetur adipisicing elit.^[ii] Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.^[iii]

^ Footnote 1
^ Footnote 2
^ Footnote 3

Markup Renders as

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|group=lower-roman|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|lower-alpha|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|group=lower-roman|Footnote 3}}

Notes: 
{{notelist|group=lower-roman}}
Refs: 
{{notelist|group=lower-alpha}}

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.^[i] Consectetur adipisicing elit.^[a] Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.^[ii]

Notes:

^ Footnote 1
^ Footnote 3

Refs:

^ Footnote 2

With named references
Markup	Renders as
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn\|name=fn1\|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn\|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn\|name=fn1}} {{notelist}}	Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.^[a] Consectetur adipisicing elit.^[b] Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.^[a] ^ ^a ^b Footnote 1 ^ Footnote 2

Note: With named references you only need to add the details once. For each use after the first you just need to re-use the reference name. Doing this will not cause the inline superscript to display a custom name.

Named references can also be defined in the notelist

Markup

Renders as

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|name=fn1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|name=fn2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|name=fn1}}

{{notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=fn1|Very long footnote 1}}
{{efn|name=fn2|Very long footnote 2}}
}}

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.^[a] Consectetur adipisicing elit.^[b] Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.^[a]

^ ^a ^b Very long footnote 1
^ Very long footnote 2

Currently broken; see MediaWiki talk:Common.css § <references /> groups.

List-defined footnotes are incompatible with Visual Editor. {{notelist}} is a simply a wrapper for {{reflist}}, which is a wrapper for <references />. Explanatory footnotes can be used with the raw tag (which is compatible with Visual Editor) by specifying the correct group name, for example:

<references group="lower-alpha">
<ref name="name1">Content</ref>
<ref name="name2">Content</ref>
</references>

{{refwidth}} can be used to set column widths.

Issues

Multiple backlink labels (see WP:REFNAME) are always styled as lower-alpha. This can be confusing when {{efn}} is used. See the note in the introduction of this section, above.
The entries in the reference list will show the default decimal styling if:
- The value for |group= in {{reflist}} or <references /> does not exactly match one of the predefined values; use {{efn}} or variant as |group= will not be needed.
- The value for |group= in {{reflist}} or <references /> is enclosed by quotes; use {{efn}} or variant as |group= will not be needed.
- {{reflist}} is indented with the : markup.
- <references /> is used instead of {{reflist}}
The entries in the reference list will have no styling if:
- A reference is included in {{navbox}} or one of the variants and the style is set to bodyclass=hlist; to resolve this, replace the style with listclass=hlist.

TemplateData

This is the TemplateData for this template used by TemplateWizard, VisualEditor and other tools. See a monthly parameter usage report for Template:Refn in articles based on its TemplateData.

TemplateData for Refn

This template is used to create footnotes in Wikipedia, as an alternative and complement to the <ref> tag.

Template parameters[Edit template data]

This template prefers inline formatting of parameters.
Parameter		Description	Type	Status
content	`1` `refn`	The content of the footnote.	Content	required
name	`name`	The name of the footnote. Corresponds to the "name" attribute of the <ref> tag.	String	optional
group	`group`	The reference group. Corresponds to the "group" attribute on the <ref> tag.	String	optional

The above documentation is transcluded from Template:Refn/doc.
Editors can experiment in this template's sandbox and testcases pages.
Add categories to the /doc subpage. Subpages of this template.

[first-2] A note.^[1]

[4] Another note.^[2]

[6] The third note.^[3]

[1] An included reference.

[3] Another included reference.

[5] The reference in the third note.

[first-8] A note.^[1]

[11] A second note.^[3]

[7] The reference in the first note.

[ref-9] Another reference, but without a note.

[10] The reference in the second note.

[harv-12] Smith (2005), The Solar System, quoted in Jones 2020, p. 25.

[13] "Languages". Apache HTTP Server. Black Duck Software. Ohloh. Retrieved {{Subst:TODAY}}. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |access-date= (help)

[14] "Languages". Apache HTTP Server. Black Duck Software. Ohloh. Retrieved 4 April 2014.

[15] 1+1=2

[16] Footnote 1

[17] Footnote 2

[18] Footnote 3

[19] Footnote 1

[20] Footnote 2

[21] Footnote 3

[22] Footnote 1

[24] Footnote 3

[note 1]

[note 2]

[note 3]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[note 1]

[2]

[note 2]

[4]

[1]

[3]

[1]

[1]

[1]

[a]

[b]

[c]

[i]

[ii]

[iii]

[i]

[a]

[ii]

[a]

[b]

[a]

[b]

v t e Wikipedia referencing
Policies and guidelines	Verifiability No original research Biographies of living persons Reliable sources Medicine Citing sources Scientific citations
General advice	Citation needed Combining sources Offline sources Referencing styles
Citing sources	Citation Style 1 Citation Style 2 Bluebook Comics Citation templates
Inline citations	Footnotes Punctuation and footnotes Shortened footnotes Nesting footnotes List-defined references
Help for beginners	Reference-tags Citations quick reference Introduction to referencing Referencing with citation templates Referencing without using templates Referencing dos and don'ts Citing Wikipedia
Advanced help	Cite link labels Cite errors Citation merging (bundling) Cite messages Converting between references formats Reference display customization References and page numbers Guidance on source reviewing at FAC Cite extension documentation
Footnote templates	Citation Style documentation Multiple references {{Reflist}} {{Refbegin}}
Find references	How to find sources Bibliographies Wikipedia Library Resource Exchange Reference Desk Book Sources Free newspaper sources
Citation tools (External links)	Citer Citation bot MakeRef Refill WayBack OABot

Template:Refn

Purpose

Usage

Examples

Footnotes with citations

Other forms of citations

Substitution

Errors

Template use by reference group type

Issues

See also

TemplateData

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