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Abstract: Bitter melon (Momordica charantia), a nutrient-dense botanical widely consumed in tropical and subtropical regions, has long been used in traditional medicine for treating metabolic diseases. This study reviews the bioactive compounds of bitter melon—including charantin, polypeptide-p (p-insulin), and cucurbitane-type triterpenoids—and their mechanisms in mitigating chronic lifestyle-related disorders. In vitro and animal studies consistently demonstrate that bitter melon acts as a potent anti-diabetic agent by increasing peripheral glucose uptake, enhancing insulin sensitivity, and protecting pancreatic -cells. Additionally, its antioxidant properties, characterized by high phenolic content (gallic acid, catechin), improve oxidative stress status. ~2026-15311-60 (talk) 07:30, 11 March 2026 (UTC)
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