Universal instantiation and Existential Generalization are two aspects of a single principle, for instead of saying that '(x(x=x)' implies 'Socrates is Socrates
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Universal instantiation and Existential Generalization are two aspects of a single principle, for instead of saying that '(x(x=x)' implies 'Socrates is Socrates', we could as well say that the denial 'Socrates≠Socrates' implies '(∃x(x≠x)'. The principle embodied in these two operations is the link between quantifications and the singular statements that are related to them as instances. Yet it is a principle only by courtesy. It holds only in the case where a term names and, furthermore, occurs referentially[1].
References
An example for only some free occurrences of x replaced by a would be
for some relation R. Assuming that the free occurrence of x is tacitly universally quantified, this looks ok. However, another example would be
(no occurrences at all instantiated) this is wrong on an empty domain. - Jochen Burghardt (talk) 16:25, 26 February 2022 (UTC)
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