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Sussex
	Sussex cow
Conservation status	FAO (2007): not at risk; DAD-IS (2021): at risk/endangered;
Country of origin	United Kingdom
Distribution	UK; Africa; Australia; South America;
Use	beef; formerly draught;
Traits
Weight	Male: average 1002 kg; Female: average 677 kg;
Height	Male: average 145 cm; Female: average 135 cm;
Coat	rich red-brown coat, with a creamy white switch to the tail
Horn status	naturally white-horned; there is a polled variant
	Cattle; Bos (primigenius) taurus;

The Sussex is a British breed of red beef cattle from the Weald of Sussex, Surrey and Kent, in south-eastern England. Its traditional use as a draught ox on the Weald continued into the twentieth century. From the late nineteenth century it began to be selectively bred for beef production. It has been exported to many countries of the world; the largest population is in South Africa, where there may be half a million head.^[3]^: 306

History

The Sussex is one of several similarly-coloured breeds of southern England – the others include the North Devon, the Hereford, the Lincoln Red and the Red Poll. These were primarily draught cattle, with powerful forequarters but less-developed hindquarters, and so not particularly suited to beef production.^[3]^: 306

Arthur Young Junior wrote in the early nineteenth century that the cattle of the Weald "must be unquestionably ranked among the best of the kingdom".^[4]^: 226 William Cobbett in his Rural Rides also expressed surprise at finding some of the finest cattle on some of the most impoverished subsistence farms on the High Weald. The breed was numerous in Kent and the Wealden parts of Surrey as well as in Sussex in the late eighteenth century when Arthur Young toured Sussex and praised the breed in his book Agriculture of Sussex of 1793. He stayed at Petworth House where the progressive 3rd Earl of Egremont established a Sussex herd in Petworth Park which is still there today. High corn prices during the Napoleonic Wars led to a lot of grassland on the Low Weald being ploughed up and cattle herds greatly declined. Later in the 19th century rail transport caused an increase in dairy farming to supply the London market with a consequent decline in beef cattle breeding.

Use of draught oxen continued for longer in the Weald and on the South Downs than in most parts of England – at least one Sussex team was in use until 1929.^[3]^: 306 There was some selection for better meat production in the 1860s and 1870s,^[5]^: 24 but the Sussex remained essentially a draught breed until the end of the century.^[3]^: 306

A herd-book was started in 1837^[2] or 1855.^[5]^: 23 A breed society, the Sussex Herd Book Society, was formed in 1879, and in that year published breed records covering the period from 1855 to 1875.^[3]^: 306^[6]

From the latter part of the nineteenth century the Sussex was exported to various countries, among them what is now South Africa (from 1903),^[7] New Zealand (from 1904)^[8] and what is now Zambia. In the United States, a breed society was started in 1884; it later became inactive, but restarted in 1966.^[3]^: 306 The first exports to the then Transvaal Colony of South Africa took place in 1903; a breed society was formed in 1920, and a herd-book was begun in that year^[7] or in 1906.^[3]^: 306 The Sussex has better resistance to tick-borne disease and resistance to heat than most British breeds, and became widespread there; in 2016 it was estimated that there were 500 000 head in the country.^[3]^: 306

In the 1970s and 1980s the British breed society instigated a breeding programme aimed at increasing the growth rate of the Sussex to make it more competitive with other beef breeds such as the Devon and the Hereford: some cross-breeding with French Limousin and Salers was allowed for a time, and by 1988 the average weight of a 400-day-old bull had increased by about 3%. Some farmers believed that the cross-breeding had compromised the traditional merits of the Sussex (ability to forage, ease of calving, milkiness in cows, good temperament), and established a Traditional Sussex line within the breed.^[3]^: 306 Also in the latter part of the twentieth century, a polled Sussex was created in the United Kingdom and in South Africa by cross-breeding with red Aberdeen Angus bulls.^[3]^: 306

Outside the UK, the Sussex is reported from Australia, Brazil, Botswana, Eswatini, Malawi, Namibia, Paraguay, Peru, the Seychelles, Zambia and Zimbabwe; only Namibia and the UK report population data, while only South Africa reports population data for the Polled Sussex.^[9]^[10] In 2007 the conservation status of the Sussex worldwide was listed by the FAO as "not at risk".^[1]^: 145 In 2021 its UK status was reported to DAD-IS as "at risk"/"endangered";^[2] the Rare Breeds Survival Trust listed it on its 2021–2022 watchlist among its UK native breeds, not assigning it to the higher "at risk" or "priority" categories.^[11]

Characteristics

The Sussex has a rich red-brown coat, with a creamy white switch to the tail. It is a medium-sized, long-bodied animal; the horns are usually white.^[3]^: 306

Use

The traditional rôle of the Sussex was as a draught beast.^[3]^: 306 Oxen were used to draw ploughs, to pull carts and wagons, and to haul timber, often over ground that was too muddy or clayey for horses; spayed cows were also used for the same purposes.^[6] In 1797 a team of eighty-six oxen of this breed hauled a mill building a distance of some 3 km (2 mi) from Regency Square in Brighton to a new site on Dyke Road.^[12]^: 26

At the end of their working lives, these animals were fattened and sold for beef, frequently reaching substantial weights. The average weight of those sent to Smithfield Market for slaughter in the late eighteenth century was close to 900 kg; fattened eight-year-old oxen from one farmer weighed up to 1375 kg, while the heaviest Sussex ox on record weighed 1828 kg.^[3]^: 306

The modern Sussex is commonly slaughtered at about 16 months, when it has a live weight of about 475 kg, yielding a carcase of some 260 kg – a dressing percentage of about 55%. Daily weight gain is of the order of 0.9 kg per day.^[3]^: 306

References

^ ^a ^b Barbara Rischkowsky, Dafydd Pilling (editors) (2007). List of breeds documented in the Global Databank for Animal Genetic Resources, annex to The State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Rome: Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ISBN 9789251057629. Archived 23 June 2020.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Breed data sheet: Sussex / United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (Cattle). Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed July 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Valerie Porter, Lawrence Alderson, Stephen J.G. Hall, D. Phillip Sponenberg (2016). Mason's World Encyclopedia of Livestock Breeds and Breeding (sixth edition). Wallingford: CABI. ISBN 9781780647944.
^ Arthur Young (1808). General View of the Agriculture of the County of Sussex. London: Printed for R. Phillips.
^ ^a ^b J.P. Boxall (1972). The Sussex Breed of Cattle in the Nineteenth Century. The Agricultural History Review. 20 (1): 17–29. (subscription required).
^ ^a ^b Sussex Past. Sussex Cattle Society. Archived 8 February 2021.
^ ^a ^b [s.n.] (2005). Sussex. Sussex Breeders' Society/The South African Stud Book and Livestock Improvement Association. Archived 25 May 2007.
^ Sussex Cattle: A Rare Breed of British Origin. Rare Breeds Conservation Society of New Zealand. Archived 7 February 2021.
^ Transboundary breed summary: Sussex. Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed July 2021.
^ Transboundary breed summary: Polled Sussex. Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed July 2021.
^ Watchlist overview: Watchlist 2021–2022. Kenilworth, Warwickshire: Rare Breeds Survival Trust. Accessed July 2021.
^ Valerie Porter (2009). British Cattle. Botley, Oxford: Shire Publications. ISBN 9780747807643.