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Sufyan al-Thawri
Sufyan al-Thawri
سُفْيَان ٱلثَّوْرِيّ
Title	Shaykh of Islam; Imam;
Personal life
Born	716 CE / 97 AH; Khorasan, Umayyad Caliphate
Died	778 CE (aged 61–62) / 161 AH (aged 63–64); Basra, Abbasid Caliphate
Era	Islamic Golden Age
Region	Kufa
Main interest(s)	Jurisprudence; asceticism; creed; hadith;
Occupation	Scholar; jurist; theologian; traditionist;
Religious life
Religion	Islam
Denomination	Sunni
Jurisprudence	Independent; Founder of the Thawri school;
Muslim leader
	Influenced by Ayyub al-Sikhtiyani [ar]; Shu'ba ibn al-Hajjaj; Ja'far al-Sadiq; Malik ibn Anas; ;
	Influenced Abu Sulayman al-Darani; Ibn al-Mubarak; Sufyan ibn Uyayna; Abd al-Razzaq al-San'ani; ;
	Arabic name
Personal; (Ism)	Sufyān; سُفْيَان
Patronymic; (Nasab)	Ibn Saʿīd ibn Masrūq ibn Ḥamza ibn Ḥabīb ibn Mawhiba ibn Naṣr ibn Thaʿlaba ibn Malakān ibn Thawr; ٱبْن سَعِيد بْن مَسْرُوق بْن حَمْرَة بْن حَبِيب بْن مَوْهِبَة بْن نَصْر بْن ثَعْلَبَة بْن مَلَكَان بْن ثَوْر
Teknonymic; (Kunya)	Abū ʿAbd Allāh; أَبُو عَبْد ٱللَّٰه
Toponymic; (Nisba)	Al-Thawrī al-Rabābī al-Tamīmī al-Muḍarī al-Kūfī; ٱلثَّوْرِيّ ٱلرَّبَابِيّ ٱلتَّمِيمِيّ ٱلْمُضَرِيّ ٱلْكُوفِيّ

Abū ʿAbd Allāh Sufyān ibn Saʿīd ibn Masrūq ibn Ḥamza al-Thawrī al-Muḍarī al-Kūfī (Arabic: أَبُو عَبْد ٱللَّٰه سُفْيَان بْن سَعِيد بْن مَسْرُوق بْن حَمْرَة ٱلثَّوْرِيّ ٱلْمُضَرِيّ ٱلْكُوفِيّ; 716–778 CE / 97–161 AH), commonly known as Sufyān al-Thawrī (Arabic: سُفْيَان ٱلثَّوْرِيّ), was a Sunni Muslim scholar, jurist, ascetic, traditionist, and eponymous founder of the Thawri school of Islamic jurisprudence, considered one of the Eight Ascetics.^[1]^[2]^[3]

Name and lineage

Sufyan al-Thawri's full name is Abū ʿAbd Allāh Sufyān ibn Saʿīd ibn Masrūq ibn Ḥamza ibn Ḥabīb ibn Mawhiba ibn Naṣr ibn Thaʿlaba ibn Malakān ibn Thawr al-Thawrī al-Rabābī al-Tamīmī al-Muḍarī al-Kūfī (Arabic: أَبُو عَبْد ٱللَّٰه سُفْيَان بْن سَعِيد بْن مَسْرُوق بْن حَمْرَة بْن حَبِيب بْن مَوْهِبَة بْن نَصْر بْن ثَعْلَبَة بْن مَلَكَان بْن ثَوْر ٱلثَّوْرِيّ ٱلرَّبَابِيّ ٱلتَّمِيمِيّ ٱلْمُضَرِيّ ٱلْكُوفِيّ).

Biography

Sufyan al-Thawri was born in Khorosan. His nisba, al-Thawri, is derived from his ancestor Thawr ibn Abd Manah.^[4] He moved to Kufa for his education, and in his youth supported the family of Ali ibn Abi Talib against the Umayyad Caliphate. By 748, he had moved to Basra, where he met Abd Allah ibn Awn and Ayyub al-Sikhtiyani. He learned some aspects of Shiasm from them, which he later abandoned.^[5]^[6]^[7] It is said the Umayyad authorities offered him high office positions; however, he consistently declined.^[8] It is narrated he refused to give to the caliphs moral and religious advice, and when asked why, he responded: "When the sea overflows, who can dam it up?"^[9] He was also quoted to have said to a companion of his, "Beware of drawing close and associating with the rulers; do not be deceived by being told that you can drive inequity away. All of this is the deceit of the Devil, which the wicked reciters have taken as a ladder [to self promotion]."^[10]

Al-Thawri's jurisprudential thought (usul al-fiqh), after his move to Basra, became more closely aligned to that of the Umayyads and of al-Awza'i.^[1] He is reported to have regarded the jihad as an obligation only as a defensive war.^[11]

Ath-Thawri was one of the 'Eight Ascetics,' who included (usual list) Amir ibn Abd al-Qays, Abu Muslim al-Khawlani, Uways al-Qarani, al-Rabi ibn Khuthaym, al-Aswad ibn Yazid, Masruq ibn al-Ajda', and Hasan al-Basri.

Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya relates in Madarij al-salikin, and Ibn al-Jawzi in the chapter entitled "Abu Hashim al-Zahid" in his Sifat al-safwa after the early hadith master Abu Nu`aym in his Hilyat al-awliya, that Sufyan al-Thawri said:

If it were not for Abu Hashim al-Sufi (d. 115) I would have never perceived the presence of the subtlest forms of hypocrisy in the self... Among the best of people is the Sufi learned in jurisprudence.^[12]

Ibn al-Jawzi also narrates the following:

Abu Hashim al-Zahid said: "Allah has stamped alienation upon the world in order that the friendly company of the murideen (seekers) consist solely in being with Him and not with the world, and in order that those who obey Him come to Him by means of avoiding the world. The People of Knowledge of Allah (ahl al-ma`rifa billah) are strangers in the world and long for the hereafter."^[13]

He spent the last year of his life hiding after a dispute between him and the caliph al-Mahdi. On his death the Thawri madhhab was taken up by his students, including Yahya ibn Sa'id al-Qattan.^[1] His school did not survive, but his juridical thought and especially hadith transmission are highly regarded in Islam, and have influenced all the major schools.

Stories of Sufyan ath-Thawri were also collected in Fariduddin Attar's Tadhkirat al-Awliya, a collection of Sufi hagiographies compiled in the twelfth/thirteenth century.^[14]

Works

Of his books, perhaps best known is his Tafsir of the Qur'an, one of the earliest in the genre. An Indian MSS preserves it up to Q. 52:13, as published by Imtiyâz ʿAlî ʿArshî in 1965; also Tabari's tafsir quotes extensively from the whole text. He also preserved the books of his Umayyad predecessors.^[15]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Steven C. Judd, “Competitive hagiography in biographies of al-Awzaʿi and Sufyan al-Thawri”, Journal of the American Oriental Society 122:1 (Jan–March, 2002).
^ "Sufism in Islam". www.livingislam.org. Retrieved 2021-07-31.
^ "Sufyan ath-Thawri ibn Said". Wajibad. 2015-10-10. Retrieved 2021-07-31.
^ Plessner, M. (2012-04-24). "Sufyān al-T̲h̲awrī". Encyclopaedia of Islam, First Edition (1913–1936).
^ Abu Jafar ibn Jarir al-Tabari, "Biographies of the Prophet's Companions and Their Successors". Translated as an appendix to his History, v. 39, by Ella Landau-Tasseron (SUNY Press, 1998), 258. Ayyub had died by 748 so Sufyan must have moved prior to then.
^ Michael Dann,Contested Boundaries: The Reception of Shīʿite Narrators in the Sunnī Hadith Tradition, 2015,page 59
^ Siyar a`lam al-nubala, Al Dahabi
^ Fihrist, 225; Abu Nu`aym, V1. 356–93, VH. 3-144; EI, 1v. 500-2
^ Michael Cook. (2003). Forbidding Wrong in Islam: An Introduction. p. 77. The 'Abbasid rebellion had begun 747 CE, and ended with their victory 750. The coastal metaphor implies a setting in Basra, and besides the Umayyads would hardly have offered a position to a twenty-something Shi'ite.
^ Muhammad Qasim Zaman. (1997). Religion and Politics Under the Early 'Abbasids: The Emergence of the Proto-Sunni Elite. p. 79.
^ Angeliki E. Laiou, et al. (2001). The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World. p. 23.
^ Ibn Qayyim, Madarij al-salikin; Ibn al-Jawzi, Sifat al-safwa (Beirut: dar al-kutub al-`ilmiyya, 1403/1989)
^ 203 (#254); Abu Nu`aym, Hilyat al-awliya, s.v. "Abu Hashim al-Sufi."(2) Ibn al-Jawzi, op. cit.
^ Muslim Saints and Mystics: Episodes from the Tadhkirat al-Auliya’ (Memorial of the Saints) by Farid al-Din Attar. Translated by Arberry, A.J. Routledge & Kegan Paul. 1966.
^ e.g. Andrew Rippin, “al-Zuhri, naskh al-Qur’an and the Problem of Early tafsir Texts”, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 47 (1984), 22–43; this ancient and slightly corrupted document has Thawri's name in the isnad.