Spiny river snail

Spiny river snail
A live individual of Io fluvialis
A live individual of Io fluvialis
Conservation status
Endangered  (IUCN 2.3)[1]
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Gastropoda
Subclass:	Caenogastropoda
Superfamily:	Cerithioidea
Family:	Pleuroceridae
Genus:	Io Lea, 1831[2]
Species:	I. fluvialis
Binomial name
Io fluvialis (Say, 1825)

The spiny river snail, scientific name Io fluvialis, is a species of freshwater snail, an aquatic mollusk in the family Pleuroceridae. This is the only species in the genus Io.^[3] This species is endemic to the USA.

Ecology

Distribution

This species is endemic to the Tennessee River and its larger tributaries, but it has been largely extirpated due to pollution and the construction of dams.

Habitat

These snails live in rapidly flowing, well-oxygenated waters of shoals and riffles of rivers, but not in slack water below shoals. The preferred water depth for this species is up to 1.5 m.

Behavior

These snails feed on the algal coating on rocks. Females lay between 20-100 eggs, which begin to hatch after 15 days.

Description

The shell morphology is very variable, with some individuals totally lacking spines. For this reason it was formerly thought that many species existed within this genus.

Human relevance

The shells are found abundantly in shell middens along the rivers within its range, indicating they were exploited as a food source by Native American cultures. Additionally, this snail has served as the emblem for the American Malacological Society since 1960.^[4]

References

1. Bogan, A.E.; Seddon, M.B.; et al. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (1996). "Io fluvialis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T10838A3221607. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T10838A3221607.en. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
2. Lea I. (1831). Trans. Amer. phil. Soc. (N.S.) 4(1): 122.
3. Holznagel E. W. & Lydeard Ch. (2000). "A Molecular Phylogeny of North American Pleuroceridae (Gastropoda: Cerithioidea) Based on Mitochondrial 16S rDNA Sequences". Journal of Molluscan Studies 66(2): 233-257. doi:10.1093/mollus/66.2.233, abstract
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