Speckled kingsnake

Speckled kingsnake
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Squamata
Suborder:	Serpentes
Family:	Colubridae
Genus:	Lampropeltis
Species:	L. holbrooki
Binomial name
Lampropeltis holbrooki Stejneger, 1902
Synonyms[2]
Coronella sayi Holbrook, 1842 Lampropeltis holbrooki Stejneger, 1902 Lampropeltis getulus holbrooki — M. Allen, 1932 Lampropeltis getula holbrooki — Crother, 2000 Lampropeltis holbrooki — Pyron & Burbrink, 2009

The speckled kingsnake (Lampropeltis holbrooki) is a species of nonvenomous kingsnake in the family Colubridae. The species is endemic to the United States.

Description

Adult in Mississippi

The speckled kingsnake usually grows up to 48 in (120 cm) in total length (including tail), but the record total length is 72 in (180 cm). The common name is derived from its pattern, which is black, with small yellow-white specks, one speck in the center of almost every dorsal scale. It is also known as the "salt-and-pepper snake".^[3]

Geographic range

The speckled kingsnake is found in the central and southern United States from southern Iowa to the Gulf of Mexico.^[4] Its range overlaps that of the desert kingsnake, Lampropeltis splendida, and it is known to intergrade with that species.^{[citation needed]}

Habitat

The speckled kingsnake prefers wetter habitats than other kingsnakes, such as swamps and rivers, but it does commonly venture to dry areas such as woodlands and grassy fields.^{[citation needed]}

Diet

The diet of the speckled kingsnake consists of birds, rodents and other mammals, frogs, lizards, and other snakes. It kills by constriction.^[5]

Behavior

When threatened, the speckled kingsnake shakes its tail like a rattlesnake to deter predators. It frequently expels musk and feces or bites when threatened. It is usually docile, often striking only one or two times after capture, and is frequently kept as a pet. It is commonly captive bred.^{[citation needed]}

Taxonomy and etymology

The speckled kingsnake was first described by American herpetologist John Edwards Holbrook in 1842. At that time, he called it Coronella sayi under the mistaken impression that it was the species previously described by Schlegel as Coluber sayi. In 1902, Stejneger pointed out that because Coluber sayi is a different snake, Pituophis catenifer sayi, the name sayi could not be applied to this snake. Therefore, he proposed the name Lampropeltis holbrooki, honoring Holbrook.^[6][7] It was for many years considered a subspecies of L. getula, but has been elevated to full species status as L. holbrooki.^[2]

Combat ritual

A fight between two male speckled kingsnakes is very common to assert dominance. Once one of the males begins the fight, it is a race to who can hover or top the other, the one on top becoming the more dominant snake. This can include thrashing, biting, and intertwining. The more dominant snake is also usually more aggressive, which also leads to it besting the competition. The main reason for doing this is to assert one's territory, so the other male will not come close to their land.^[8]

Diseases

Speckled kingsnakes have been known to contract worms or flagellates that have been deadly. When the nematode larvae were found in the snake feces, the snake proceeded to have symptoms such as diarrhea and muscle spasms. Snakes do not survive long after showing symptoms.^[9]

There have also been accounts of speckled kingsnakes having sporocysts in the feces. There is a small amount of research on this.^[10]

Mating behaviors

There are a variety of motor patterns present during kingsnake intercourse. These include writhing, mounting, grasping (with mouth), and biting. There are also multiple phases of courtship, including tactile chase, tactile alignment, and intromission. Each phase is initiated by a share of motor patterns from both the male and female.^[11]

References

1. Hammerson GA (2019). "Lampropeltis holbrooki ". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T67662914A67662925. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T67662914A67662925.en. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
2. Species Lampropeltis holbrooki at The Reptile Database www.reptile-database.org.
3. Conant R (1975). A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Second Edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. xviii + 429 pp. + Plates 1-48. ISBN 0-395-19979-4 (hardcover), ISBN 0-395-19977-8 (paperback). (Lampropeltis getulus holbrooki, pp. 203-204 + Plate 29 + Map 156).
4. "Speckled Kingsnake". Kingsnake.com. Retrieved 2009-03-16.
5. "A Kingsnake and a Rattlesnake – Foothills Clusters Wildlife". Retrieved 2024-10-27.
6. Blanchard FN (1921). "A Revision of the King Snakes: Genus Lampropeltis ". Bulletin of the United States National Museum (114): 1-260.
7. Beolens B, Watkins M, Grayson M (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. (Lampropeltis getula holbrooki, p. 125).
8. Carpenter, Charles C.; Gillingham, James C. (1977-10-15). "A Combat Ritual between Two Male Speckled Kingsnakes (Lampropeltis getulus holbrooki: Colubridae, Serpentes) with Indications of Dominance". The Southwestern Naturalist. 22 (4): 517. doi:10.2307/3670153. ISSN 0038-4909.
9. Holt, P.E. "A case of Strongyloides infestation in a speckled king snake". CABI digital library. 102 (18): 404–405 – via veterinary record.
10. Lindsay, D.S (1992). "Demonstration that Sarcocystis montanaensis has a speckled kingsnake-prairie vole life cycle". CABI database. 59 (1): 9–15 – via Journal of the Helminthological Society of Washington.
11. Secor, Stephen M. (1987). "Courtship and Mating Behavior of the Speckled Kingsnake, Lampropeltis getulus holbrooki". Herpetologica. 43 (1): 15–28. ISSN 0018-0831.

Further reading

• Behler JL, King FW (1979). The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Reptiles and Amphibians. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 743 pp. ISBN 0-394-50824-6. (Lampropeltis getulus holbrooki, p. 619 + Plate 560).
• Conant R, Bridges W (1939). What Snake Is That?: A Field Guide to the Snakes of the United States East of the Rocky Mountains. (With 108 drawings by Edmond Malnate). New York and London: D. Appleton-Century. Frontispiece map + viii + 163 pp. + Plates A–C, 1–32. (Lampropeltis getulus holbrooki, pp. 77–78 + Plate12, Figure 35).
• Holbrook JE (1842). North American Herpetology; or, A Description of the Reptiles Inhabiting the United States. Vol. III. [Second Edition]. Philadelphia: J. Dobson. 128 pp. + 30 plates. (Coronella sayi, pp. 99–101 + Plate 22).
• Hubbs B (2009). Common Kingsnakes: A Natural History of Lampropeltis getula. Tempe, Arizona: Tricolor Books. 436 pp. ISBN 978-0-9754641-1-3.
• Schmidt KP, Davis DD (1941). Field Book of Snakes of the United States and Canada. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. 365 pp. (Lampropeltis getulus holbrooki, pp. 176–177, Figure 50 + Plate 19).
• Stejneger L (1902). "The Reptiles of the Huachuca Mountains, Arizona". Proceedings of the United States National Museum 25: 149–158. (Lampropeltis holbrooki, new name, p. 152).
• Wright AH, Wright AA (1957). Handbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada. Ithaca and London: Comstock Publishing Associates, a division of Cornell University Press. 1,105 pp. (in two volumes). (Lampropeltis getulus holbrooki, pp. 387–391, Figure 118 + Map 33 on p. 373).

External links

• Lamproletis getula. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
• Speckled Kingsnake. Reptiles and Amphibians of Iowa.