Raid on Canso (1776)

Raid on Canso (1776)
Part of the American Revolutionary War

John Paul Jones
Date22 September – 22 November 1776
Location
Canso, Nova Scotia
Result U.S. victory
Belligerents
 United States  Great Britain
Commanders and leaders
John Paul Jones Kingdom of Great Britain John Robin (merchant)
George Smith (merchant) (POW)[1]
Strength
2 brigs Approximately 15 fishing vessels
Casualties and losses
None 1st attack: 3 vessels burned, 1 sunk, 5 prizes, 1 shallop confiscated; 2nd attack: 6 prizes, 1 burned, 1 confiscated

The Raid on Canso took place on 22 September – November 22, 1776 during the American Revolutionary War. The raid involved American Continental Navy captain John Paul Jones attacking Canso, Nova Scotia (now part of Canada) and the surrounding fishing villages. [2][3][4]

Background

During the American Revolution, Americans regularly attacked Nova Scotia by land and sea. American privateers devastated the maritime economy by raiding many of the coastal communities,[5] such as the numerous raids on Liverpool and on Annapolis Royal.[6]

George Washington's Marblehead Regiment raided Charlottetown, now in Prince Edward Island, on 17 November 1775, and three days later they raided Canso Harbor.

Raid

On September 22, 1776, the American privateer John Paul Jones attacked Canso. Captain Jones commanded USS Providence. He destroyed fifteen vessels and damaged much property on shore. There he recruited men to fill the vacancies created by manning his prizes, burned a British fishing schooner, sank a second, and captured a third besides a shallop which he used as a tender.[7] [8][9]

Jones then pillaged the community of Petit-de-Grat and Arichat on Isle Madame, Nova Scotia. The nine ships (300 men) immediately surrendered. On the evening of September 25, a gale drove three of the prizes on to shore, destroying them. (The remaining prizes were Alexander, Kingston Packet, Success, and Defence.) Jones destroyed John Robin’s fishing business when they plundered and razed the entire establishment. The business of John Robin ended and he did not return until after the war.[10] Jones then sailed to Boston.

On 22 November, John Paul Jones returned to Canso in USS Alfred. Boats from Alfred took a raiding party ashore; his crews burned a transport bound for Canada with provisions, and a warehouse full of whale oil, besides capturing a small schooner. In all, Jones took 6 prizes, 1 burned, 1 confiscated.[11]

Captain Jones then went on to present-day Sydney, Nova Scotia to free 300 Americans imprisoned in the British coalmines.[12][13]

Aftermath

Again in 1779, American privateers destroyed the Canso fisheries, worth $50,000 a year to England.[14]

American privateers remained a threat to Nova Scotian ports for the rest of the war. For example, after a failed attempt to raid Chester, Nova Scotia, American privateers struck again in the Raid on Lunenburg in 1782.

USS Providence

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Guys borough sketches and other essays. p. 102
  2. ^ John Paul Jones Raids Arichat, 1776
  3. ^ John Paul Jones: A Sailor's Biography by Samuel Eliot Morison, 1959
  4. ^ United States Naval Chronicles, Vol. 1, p. 48
  5. ^ Benjamin Franklin also engaged France in the war, which meant that many of the privateers were also from France.
  6. ^ Roger Marsters (2004). "Bold Privateers: Terror, Plunder and Profit on Canada's Atlantic Coast" , p. 87-89
  7. ^ John Paul Jones: A Sailor's Biography by Samuel Eliot Morison, 1959
  8. ^ p.60
  9. ^ pp.77-78
  10. ^ John Paul Jones Raids Arichat, 1776
  11. ^ John Paul Jones: A Sailor's Biography by Samuel Eliot Morison, 1959
  12. ^ Jones' log book
  13. ^ p.63
  14. ^ Lieutenant Governor Sir Richard Hughes states in a dispatch to Lord Germaine

References

Primary Sources

Secondary Sources

  • John Brebner. The Neutral Yankees of Nova Scotia. Columbia University. 1937.
  • John Paul Jones: A Sailor's Biography by Samuel Eliot Morison, 1959
  • John Paul Jones Raids Arichat, 1776
  • John Dewar Faibisy. Privateering and Piracy: The Effects of New England Raiding Upon Nova Scotia During the American Revolution, 1775-1883. University of Massachusetts. 1972. pp. 41-44
  • William Bell Clark, George Washington’s Navy (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1960, Chapters 5, 7.
  • Gardner W. Allen, A NAVAL HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION (Boston, 1913), Chapter 17.
  • Gwyn, Julian (2004). Ashore and Afloat: The British Navy and the Halifax Naval Yard Before 1820. University of Ottawa Press. ISBN 978-0-7766-3031-1.
  • Gwyn, Julian (2003). Frigates and Foremasts: The North American Squadron in Nova Scotia Waters, 1745-1815. UBC Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-0911-5.
  • Reid, John G.; Basque, Maurice; Mancke, Elizabeth; Moody, Barry; Plank, Geoffrey; Wicken, William (2004). Reid, John G.; Basque, Maurice; Mancke, Elizabeth; et al. (eds.). The "Conquest" of Acadia, 1710: Imperial, Colonial, and Aboriginal Constructions. University of Toronto Press. doi:10.3138/9781442680883. ISBN 978-0-8020-8538-2. JSTOR 10.3138/9781442680883.
  • Guysborough Sketches and Essays.