Qian (mass)

Qian (simplified Chinese: 钱; traditional Chinese: 錢; pinyin: qián), called tsin (cin4) in Cantonese, tiền or đồng in Vietnamese, or "Chinese ounce" or "mace"[a] in English, is a traditional Chinese unit for weight measurement. It originated in China before being introduced to neighboring countries in East Asia. Nowaday, the mass of 1 qian equals 5 grams in mainland China,[2] 3.75 grams in Taiwan, [3] 3.7799 grams in Hong Kong, Singapore and Malaysia,[4][5] [6] and 3.78 grams in Vietnam.[7]

Qian is mostly used in the traditional markets, and famous for measuring gold, silver and Chinese medicines. [2]

China Mainland

On June 25, 1959, the State Council of the People's Republic of China issued the "Order on the Unified Measurement System", retaining the market measure system, with minor amendment. [8]

Table of mass units in the People's Republic of China since 1959[2]
Pinyin Character[9] Relative value Metric value Imperial value Notes
lí 市厘 1⁄10000 50 mg 0.001764 oz cash
fēn 市分 1⁄1000 500 mg 0.01764 oz candareen
qián 市錢 1⁄100 5 g 0.1764 oz mace or Chinese dram
liǎng 市兩 1⁄10 50 g 1.764 oz tael or Chinese ounce
jīn 市斤 1 500 g 1.102 lb catty or Chinese pound
formerly 16 liang = 1 jin
dàn 市擔 100 50 kg 110.2 lb picul or Chinese hundredweight

where 1 qian equals 5 grams, and 10 qiags equals 1 liang. The traditional Chinese medicine measurement system remains unchanged.[2]

Taiwan

In 1895, Taiwan was ceded to Japan from China. The Japanese implemented the metric system, but the Taiwanese still followed their own habits and continued to use the old weights and measures of the Qing Dynasty. 1 Taiwan qian is equal to 3.75 grams, or 1/10 Taiwan liang. [10]

Table of units of mass in Taiwan
Unit Relative value Metric US & Imperial Notes
Taiwanese Hokkien Hakka Mandarin Character Legal Decimal Exact Approx.
Lî Lî Lí 釐 1⁄1000  ⁠3/80,000⁠ kg 37.5 mg ⁠3750/45,359,237⁠ lb 0.5787 gr Cash; Same as Japanese Rin
Hun Fûn Fēn 分 1⁄100  ⁠3/8000⁠ kg 375 mg ⁠37,500/45,359,237⁠ lb 5.787 gr Candareen; Same as Japanese Fun
Chîⁿ Chhièn Qián 錢 1⁄10  ⁠3/800⁠ kg 3.75 g ⁠375,000/45,359,237⁠ lb 2.116 dr Mace; Same as Japanese Momme (匁)
Niú Liông Liǎng 兩 1  ⁠3/80⁠ kg 37.5 g ⁠3,750,000/45,359,237⁠ lb 21.16 dr Tael
Kin/Kun Kîn Jīn 斤 16  ⁠3/5⁠ kg 600 g ⁠60,000,000/45,359,237⁠ lb 1.323 lb Catty; Same as Japanese Kin
Tàⁿ Tâm Dàn 擔 1600  60 kg ⁠6,000,000,000/45,359,237⁠ lb 132.3 lb Picul; Same as Japanese Tan

Hong Kong and Macau

Hong Kong and Macau mass units

Currently, Hong Kong law stipulates that one qian is equal to 1/10 liang, which is 3.779936375 grams.[4]

Table of Chinese mass units in Hong Kong[4] and Macau[11]
Jyutping Character English Portuguese Relative value Relation to the Traditional Chinese Units (Macau) Metric value Imperial value Notes
lei4 厘 li (cash) liz 1⁄16000 1⁄10 condorim 37.79931 mg 0.02133 dr
fan1 分 fen (candareen, fan) condorim 1⁄1600 1⁄10 maz 377.9936375 mg 0.2133 dr
cin4 錢 qian (mace, tsin) maz 1⁄160 1⁄10 tael 3.779936375 g 2.1333 dr
loeng2 兩 liang (leung, tael) tael 1⁄16 1⁄16 cate 37.79936375 g 1.3333 oz 604.78982/16=37.79936375
gan1 斤 jin (gan, catty) cate 1 1⁄100 pico 604.78982 g 1.3333 lb Hong Kong and Macau share the definition.
daam3 擔 picul (tam, dan) pico 100 None 60.478982 kg 133.3333 lb Hong Kong and Macau share the definition.

Similarly, Singapore law stipulates that one qian equals 3.7799 g.[5] Malaysia has the same regulations as it is a former British colony as well.

Hong Kong troy units

These are used for trading precious metals such as gold and silver.

Table of mass (Hong Kong troy) units[12]
English Character Relative value Metric value Imperial value Notes
fen (candareen) troy 金衡分 1⁄100 374.29 mg 0.096 drt
qian (mace) troy 金衡錢 1⁄10 3.7429 g 0.96 drt
liang (tael) troy 金衡兩 1 37.429 g 1.2 ozt

Vietnam

In Vietnam, the unit of qian is called "đồng or tiền": 1 đồng is equal to 3.78 grams or 10 phân by traditional value. [7]

Early 20th-century units of weight
Name in Chữ Quốc ngữ Hán/Nôm name Traditional value Traditional conversion Modern value Modern conversion
tấn 擯 604.5 kg 10 tạ 1 000 kg 10 tạ
quân[13] 302.25 kg 5 tạ 500 kg obsolete
tạ 榭 60.45 kg 10 yến 100 kg 10 yến
bình[13] 30.225 kg 5 yến 50 kg obsolete
yến 6.045 kg 10 cân 10 kg 10 cân
cân 斤 604.5 g 16 lạng 1 kg 10 lạng
nén 378 g 10 lạng
lạng 兩 37.8 g 10 đồng 100 g
đồng or tiền 錢 3.78 g 10 phân
phân 分 0.38 g 10 ly
ly or li 厘 37.8 mg 10 hào
hào 毫 3.8 mg 10 ti
ti 絲 0.4 mg 10 hốt
hốt 忽 0.04 mg 10 vi
vi 微 0.004 mg

For more information on the Chinese mass measurement system, please see article Jin (mass).

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "mace" is either (i) a borrowing from Dutch, or (ii) a borrowing from Malay, both were translation of the Chinese measure word "兩" before Pinyin and Jyutping were available for direct transcription.[1]

References

  1. ^ "Oxford English Dictionary".
  2. ^ a b c d (in Chinese) 1959 Gazette of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, No. 180, pages 311 to 312
  3. ^ Weights and Measures in Use in Taiwan Archived 2010-12-29 at the Wayback Machine from the Republic of China Yearbook – Taiwan 2001.
  4. ^ a b c "Weights and Measures Ordinance". Laws of Hong Kong.
  5. ^ a b "Weights and Measures Act". Statutes of the Republic of Singapore.
  6. ^ "Weights and Measures Act 1972". Laws of Malaysia. Archived from the original on 2014-02-01.
  7. ^ a b "Vietnam, units of mass". Sizes. Sizes, Inc. 2005-12-28.
  8. ^ "国务院关于统一我国计量制度的命令 (Order of the State Council on unifying my country's measurement system)". Archived from the original on 2010-12-06. Retrieved 2015-01-12.
  9. ^ (in Chinese) 1959 Gazette of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, No. 180, page 316
  10. ^ Andrade, Tonio (2005). "Appendix A: Weights, Measures, and Exchange Rates". How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century. Columbia University Press.
  11. ^ Law No. 14/92/M ((in Chinese) 第14/92/M號法律; (in Portuguese) Lei n.o 14/92/M)
  12. ^ Cap. 68 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES ORDINANCE
  13. ^ a b Manuel de conversation française-annamite [French-Annamite conversation manual] (in French). Saigon: Imprimerie de la Mission. 1911. pp. 175–178.

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