In the philosophy of science, protoscience (adj. protoscientific) is a research field that has the characteristics of an undeveloped science that may...

الكیمیاء) is an ancient branch of natural philosophy, a philosophical and protoscientific tradition that was historically practised in China, India, the Muslim...

up alchemy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Alchemy was an early protoscientific practice. It may also refer to: Alchemy and chemistry in medieval Islam...

Bowuzhi (Chinese: 博物志; trans. "Records of Diverse Matters") by Zhang Hua (c. 290 CE) was a compendium of Chinese stories about natural wonders and marvelous...

from χημεία, meaning "cast together". Alchemy is a philosophical and protoscientific tradition practiced throughout Europe, Africa, and Asia. It aims to...

complementary nature of causality and acausality with Eastern sciences and protoscientific disciplines, stating "the East bases much of its science on this irregularity...

functions of a previous event preceding a later one. The first known protoscientific study of cause and effect occurred in Aristotle's Physics. Causal inference...

esoteric (spiritual) and/or exoteric (practical) level. It was the protoscientific, exoteric aspects of alchemy that contributed heavily to the evolution...

as viewed through today's hindsight, admirably rational and in fact protoscientific. Thus as science became the norm, unscientific and pseudoscientific...

violating earthquake victim rights, contrary with contemporary sciences (protoscientific oversimplification), verbal "frontier justice" action, "opportunity...

comparable to the medieval Song dynasty. They also write that the protoscientific ideas of Mohism developed during the Warring States period could have...

and pushed the field of dream research, or oneirology, beyond its protoscientific and largely discredited psychoanalytic roots, establishing it as a...