In the 1840s, Voortrekkers under the leadership of Andries Hendrik Potgieter established Zoutpansbergdorp, a town 100 km (62 mi) to the north. This settlement had to be abandoned because of clashes with the local tribes (Lebelo, Langa & Ledwaba clans), they founded a new town in 1886 and named it "Pietersburg" in honour of Voortrekker leader Petrus Jacobus Joubert. A small number of Indian/Asian and coloured people settled into the region before the end of the 19th century. It was the capital of the Transvaal and the Orange Free State for a short time in 1900 at the time of the Second Boer War from 1899 to 1902.[6] The British occupied Pietersburg in 1901 and built a concentration camp to incarcerate almost 4,000 Boer women and children.
Pietersburg Camp (1901)
Years of apartheid
Like many places in South Africa at the time of apartheid, racial segregation and inequality were fundamentally ingrained into the town,[7] following the end of the Second Boer War, together with the formation of the Union of South Africa in 1910, institutional laws were in place in terms of divided urban planning which were implemented continuously throughout this era. The commencement of apartheid in 1948 meant that Pietersburg was clearly segregated in both residential regions and for business ventures.[7]
A sign prohibiting non-whites to use public amenities reserved only for whites
The institutionalization of the notorious Group Areas Act in 1950 and its amendments in 1966 ensured that the spatial development of the Central Business District (CBD) was exclusively for whites and other regions of the CBD being exclusively for other races such as "Indian centre" for Indians/Asians, many regions were designated to only a specific race of people such as the suburbs of Nirvana and Westernburg at the northwest of the town only being occupied by Indian/Asian and Coloured groups respectively, while the suburb of Bendor being reserved for Whites. The townships of Seshego and Mankweng were occupied by the Black population. Removals of minority groups for white residency, whites-only owned industrial sectors and a regular barrier between people of different races were heavily enforced.[8][9]
Today the city of Polokwane has seen respectable development in terms of its infrastructure and services as provides a wide variety of shopping venues and malls, restaurants, entertainment venues, religious venues, civic halls, as well as modern housing developments and office buildings.
Political Governance
The Polokwane Municipality is run by the African National Congress (ANC) with a 60% majority obtained in the latest 2021 Municipal Elections. In a by-election held on 24 April 2024, Ward 10 was won by ANC councillor candidate Willie Madikoto after the arrest and resignation of the previous Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF) councillor Jacob Seshokadue due to alleged theft of firearms.
Ailing Infrastructure and Poor Service Delivery
Despite the number developments the city has seen, it has been plagued with persistent issues of poor service delivery, which has led to crucial infrastructure such as electricity, water, and sewage systems to continuously be sought after in the various communities that are constantly effected by their unavailability. Public infrastructure such as traffic and street lights, roads, and sidewalks are also amongst the many problems the city's municipality faces.
Damaged storm water drain in the Suburb of NirvanaSights such as these are common to see in almost every part of the city
Demographics
The population in 2011 was about 130,000 . Roughly 45.9% of people in the city are Sepedi (Northern Sotho) speakers. A large portion of the white population are Afrikaners, and roughly 10,000 residents (roughly 8%) are English-speaking whites who are primarily South Africans of British descent and White Zimbabweans, the latter of whom primarily moved to the area since 2000. Roughly 6.7% of people are Venda people.[12]
Population Group
Percentage
African
74.4%
Coloured
3.7%
Indian/Asian
3.1%
White
18.2%
Districts/suburbs/townships
Some suburbs in the city include Nirvana, Westenburg, Bendor, Welgelegen, Moregloed, Annadale, Ivydale, Flora Park, Fauna Park, Greenside, Penina Park, Ivy Park, Hospital Park, Ster Park, Dalmada, Broadlands, Woodlands, Southern Gateway and Thornhill.[13]
Besides the above-mentioned suburbs in the city, three clusters of suburbs around the city also exist:[14]
The Seshego cluster - on the north-west outskirts of the city.
Molepo/Maja/Chuene cluster - 20 km south of the city centre.
Mankweng/Sebayeng/Dikgale cluster - 30 km east of the city centre.
Climate
The city features a semiarid climate under the Köppen climate classification. Despite its position on the Tropic of Capricorn,[15] the climate is tempered by its position on a plateau 1230 m above sea level.[16] Average temperatures reach around 21–22 °C (70–72 °F) in January and fall to 11 °C (52 °F) in July.[16] As with much of inland South Africa, Polokwane has experienced notably warmer seasons over the last decade than its long-term average.[17]
The city has a dry climate with a summer rainy season and a pronounced dry spell during winter. Average annual rainfall is 495 mm (19.5 in), with December or (less often) January the wettest month and July the driest.[18]
Jacaranda trees line many streets in the city, blooming purple blossoms in October every year.
Climate data for Polokwane (1991−2020, extremes 1953–present)
Source 2: Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)[21]
Transport
Roads
Nelson Mandela road traffic island on the approach to the city
The city lies roughly halfway between Gauteng (300 kilometres (190 mi)) and the Zimbabwean border (200 kilometres (120 mi)) on the N1 highway, which connects Zimbabwe with the major cities of South Africa, such as Pretoria, Johannesburg, Bloemfontein, and Cape Town.
The R37 provincial route connects the city with Mbombela. Running east, the R71 connects the city with Tzaneen, Phalaborwa, Bushbuckridge, and the Kruger National Park. To north-east, is the R81 connecting the city with Giyani and Malamulele. The R521 connects the city with Alldays and the R567 via Seshego connects Polokwane with the N11. The R71 is also well known to bikers who ride through the city annually, making it the biggest bike meeting in Africa.
The Nelson Mandela road traffic island is situated on the outskirts of Polokwane when approaching from the direction of Johannesburg. It was built prior to the 2010 FIFA World Cup as part of beautifying the city for the event.
A number of private bus services run in the city and also services connect Polokwane to other major centres in the country.
Air
The city is served by two airports. A public airport, the Polokwane International Airport, (IATA: PTG, ICAO: FAPP)[22] which is to the north of the city, while the smaller Pietersburg Civil Aerodrome (ICAO: FAPI) is at the south-east of the city.[23]
YR-ACK at the Polokwane (Pietersburg) airport (1935)
Squadron Sabre 352-Bs at the Pietersburg AFB
Railways
The city is connected to Johannesburg and other major centres by rail. Agricultural produce in the area, including tomatoes, citrus fruit, sugar cane, peanuts, tea, bananas, and avocados, is also transported by freight rail.[24]
The first commercial radio station in Limpopo, CapricornFM, broadcasts from the city.[27] Two additional radio stations are also situated in Polokwane. These include Energy FM and Munghana Lonene FM.[28][29]
The city has a selection of locally distributed newspapers. Two notable newspapers include The Review[30] and The Polokwane Observer.[31]
Gambling
The Sun International casino and hotel is in the city. Meropa Casino and Entertainment World is a Moroccan-style, 24-hour casino with various outdoor entertainment amenities such as go-karts, minigolf, and a wildlife park.[32]
Museums, monuments and memorials
The Bakone Malapa Northern Sotho Open-Air Museum — Depicts the traditional and modern-day lifestyle of the Bakone people. The museum is centred on a traditional village still occupied by members of the tribe, who sell various crafts to tourists. Background information can be obtained in the visitor centre. Within the museum complex are archaeological sites with remains of iron- and copper-smelting installations, as well as rock paintings from around 1000 B.C.[33]
Eersteling Monuments — The site of the country's first gold crushing site and its first gold power plant are marked by monuments.[34]
The Irish House — Historic building which functions as a museum.
Places of worship
Roman Catholic Church in the city
The largest Christian gathering in South Africa happens twice a year at Zion City, Moria near Polokwane at Easter and again for the September end of year festival. The Zion Christian Church's headquarters are at Zion City Moria, which is about 25 kilometres east of the city. Moria is the seat of the Zion Christian church - an entirely black denomination with about 16 million members formed in 1910 by Engenas Lekganyane - an indigenous church to Africa that is one of the churches not established by evangelists from abroad.[35]
The Star of David is the symbol of the ZCC and the two congregations that make up the church are today led by the grandsons of its founder - Barnabas Lekganyane and Saint Engenas Lekganyane. The ZCC is characterised by the emphasis it places on faith healing, purification rites, dancing, night communion, river baptism, the holy spirit, taboos and prophesying.
The ZCC has members in every country in Africa, and in most countries of the Middle East.[35]
Synagogues
The first Jewish settlers in Pietersburg arrived between 1890 and 1900 from Lithuania, Russia, and Latvia, and the Pietersburg Hebrew Congregation was founded in 1897. A synagogue was built on Jorissen Street in 1921. The Jewish community grew rapidly in the 1930s and 1940s; a larger synagogue was built in 1953 and the old synagogue was then converted into a communal hall. The number of Jews in Pietersburg began to decline from the late 1950s. In 2003, as the congregation had dwindled, the synagogue was closed and its benches, bimah, and other contents were shipped to Israel, where they were installed in the Mevasser Synagogue in Tel Mond in memory of the Pietersburg synagogue.[36]
The Pietersburg Golf Club along with the golf course was established in the late 1800s. The course comprises a full 18 holes. Retief Goosen (born 3 February 1969) was born in Pietersburg and honed his skills at the Pietersburg Golf Club.[37]
Cricket
The Polokwane Cricket Club is one of the oldest in the country and was established in 1902.[38] The first-class Limpopo cricket team are based in Polokwane at the Polokwane Cricket Club Ground.[39]
The city's suburb of Nirvana also holds an annual cricket competition called the "Nirvana Premier Leauge" in which teams from all around the city and the province take part in.
Noordelikes Rugby Club is an amateur rugby club based in the city.[40]
From 2013 to 2015, the city hosted a provincial team, the Limpopo Blue Bulls, in the Vodacom Cup, as a feeder team to the Blue Bulls of Pretoria.[41] The team broke several unwanted records, including the biggest first class loss in South African rugby history, when they lost 161–3 to the Golden Lions on 27 April 2013.[42]
The city has a number of swimming clubs. Former Olympic gold-medalist and world-record swimmer Lyndon Ferns is from the city.
Tennis
A large tennis club is situated in the city, and various local tournaments are held regularly.
Baseball
In 2017, Gift Ngoepe, born in Pietersburg, became the first African player in the Major League Baseball, playing shortstop and second base for the Pittsburgh Pirates. Ngoepe's mother Maureen managed the baseball clubhouse in Randburg, near Johannesburg. Ngoepe's brother Victor also plays in the Pirates' farm system[43]
The city provides access to various nature and wildlife viewing opportunities for ecotourists. The Polokwane Bird and Reptile Park is home to over 280 species of birds. The Polokwane Game Reserve houses various South African species of wildlife, birdlife, and plants in an unspoiled bushveld environment. The Moletzie Bird Sanctuary protects rare birds like the Cape vulture. The Modjadji Rainforest near Duiwelskloof holds the largest concentration of indigenous cycads in the world, and Cheune Crocodile Farm provides a place to learn about the life of crocodiles.[34]
An extensive art collection is preserved in the city's art gallery, open to the public. The city has more public sculptures per capita in its parks than elsewhere in South Africa. It was also the first city to unveil a bust of the ex-president Nelson Mandela in its City Square (Civic Gardens), and it was authorised by Nelson Mandela personally.[45]
The city is considered the premier hunting destination in South Africa.[46]
The city has a rich African culture
War memorial outside the Polokwane Art Gallery consisting of hundreds of guns melted after the Anglo-Boer war
Commerce
The city hosts several major industries such as Coca-Cola,[47] Freshmark (a division of Shoprite Checkers), and South African Breweries.[48] As the capital of the Limpopo province, the city also has a large commercial area with the four largest banks in the country all having at least three branches in the city.
The city was well known for its manufacturing facility in Seshego of Tempest radios and hi-fis, the largest employer in the region.
By 1931, the Pietersburg municipal council had assumed a pseudo-heraldic "coat of arms". The shield depicted a crossed pick and shovel, two crossed wheatsheaves, and the date 1904 surrounded by a rib and bearing the motto Labor omnia vincit. The crest was an ostrich.[55]
The Coat of Arms of Pietersburg from 1931 to 1967
Municipal (2)
A proper coat of arms was designed in the 1960s. It was registered with the Transvaal Provincial Administration in August 1967[56] and at the Bureau of Heraldry in September 1969.[57]
The arms were : Azure, on a fess Argent, between in chief a lion passant Argent, armed and langued Gules, and in base two chevrons humette, and a horseshoe Argent, placed 2 and 1, two cogwheels Gules. In layman's terms, this was a blue shield displaying, from top to bottom, a silver lion with red tongue and claws, a silver stripe bearing two red cogwheels, and two silver chevrons and a horseshoe.
The crest was a golden eagle, and the motto, once again, was Labor omnia vincit.
The Coat of Arms of Pietersburg from 1967 to 2003
Municipal (3)
The Pietersburg municipal council registered a new coat of arms at the Bureau in October 2003.[57]
The arms are: Vert, on a fess Argent, a woven grain basket, between two hoes with blades turned inward proper, their handles towards centre-base counterchanged Or and issuant from a voided cogwheel the inner ring cotised Argent, therein a sun Or; on a chief of the last a short-clawed Lark (Mirafra chuana) perched upon a leaf of the silky thorn tree (Acacia rehmanniana) proper, between two demi-peaks with points embattled Brunatre, issuant from the respective shield flanks. In layman's terms, the shield depicts, from top to bottom, (1) a short-clawed lark perched on an acacia leaf between two stylised peaks, (2) a woven grain basket between two hoes on a silver background, and (3) a silver cogwheel on a green background.
Above the shield is a brown rustic crown. The motto is Unity - Equity - Progress - Prosperity.
التصاوغ في الثيوكربامات ثيوكربامات هو صنف من أصناف مركبات الكبريت العضوية وهي مشابهات بنيوية لنظيراتها من الكربامات، حيث تحل ذرة كبريت مكان ذرة أكسجين. هناك متصاوغان ممكنان من الصيغة العامة للكربامات، وهي O-ثيوكربامات (ROC(=S)NR2) وS-ثيوكربامات RSC(=O)NR2. التحضير تحضر مركبات الثيوك
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