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The politics of Seychelles have historical roots in both one-party socialism and autocratic rule. Following independence from the United Kingdom in 1976, Seychelles was a sovereign republic until 1977, when the original President and leader of the Seychelles Democratic Party, James Mancham, was overthrown in a bloodless coup by the Prime Minister France-Albert René. René installed a single-party socialist state under the Seychelles People's Progressive Front in 1979 which remained in power until 1993, when multiparty elections took place for the first time since independence, after restoring the multi-party system in 1991. Modern day Seychelles governance takes place in a framework of a presidential republic, whereby the President of Seychelles is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the National Assembly.

Political history

Pre-independence political movements

While under British colonization, the people of the Seychelles had little to no say in how they were governed. Following the end of World War I, however, this began to change. The first political movement in the Seychelles was the Planters Association, which came into existence around 1918. In addition to the movement of the Planters Association, workers in the Seychelles petitioned the government about their poor working conditions and tax structure, which led to some proposed reform by the governor at the time, Governor Sir Arthur Grimble. Ultimately though, these reforms did not go into action, as the beginning of World War II put everything on hold.

The Planters Association was primarily focused on the interests of rich, white landowners and not the workers whom they employed. The League of Coloured Peoples formed as a result, and demanded minimum wage laws and health care reform.^[1]

The first actual political party, the Taxpayers Association, was not formed until 1939. This Taxpayers Association was also an organization primarily made up of rich white landowners, so its goals were, again, purely the advancement of their personal interests and the interests of the plantocracy.

1948 marked the first year in which Seychelles enjoyed any sort of suffrage, but it was limited only to literate property owners, which made up just 2,000 people in a population of over 36,000. As a result of the first elections in 1948, most representatives on the new Legislative Council were members of either the Planters' or Taxpayers' organizations.^[1]

In 1964, the Socialist Seychelles People's United Party (SPUP) was formed. Led by London-educated lawyer France-Albert René, they campaigned on a platform of autonomy from Britain. Another London-educated lawyer, James Mancham headed the Seychelles Democratic Party (SDP), which was created the same year, and by contrast wanted closer integration with Britain. Early elections between these two parties seemed in part based on the personal rivalry between these two leaders.^[2]

As a result of the 1967 elections, the first elections under universal adult suffrage, each party gained three seats in the legislature. Mancham's SDP retained a single-seat lead in the legislature, despite the SPUP having a slight margin of victory in number of votes. This result was met with protests and strikes by supporters of the SPUP throughout the following year.^[2]

1970 brought constitutional revisions to the colonial government of Seychelles, instituting a smaller-scale parliamentary system, but leaving plurality voting for the single-member districts.^[2] In the following elections in both 1970 and 1974, Mancham gained a small majority in votes, but a large one in seats, through a voting system which relied on the principle of "first past the post". Specifically in the 1974 elections, Mancham's SDP won a disproportionate amount of seats, 13 out of 15, with just barely over half of the vote.^[1]^[2]

Social unrest was rampant during this period, with strikes and protests, as well as bombings in 1972, all attributed to the SPUP. While this was partially attributable to the issues faced with the voting system, tensions regarding independence and rumored political repression and jailing of SPUP activists was also a factor.^[2]

In June 1975, the SDP and SPUP began a coalition government in order to negotiate independence with Britain. The British Government was asked to appoint an electoral review commission so that differences in opinion on legislative makeup and representation could be reconciled. An informal agreement between the two parties was reached, and ten seats were added to the Legislative Assembly, five to be nominated by each party. A cabinet of ministers also was formed consisting of eight members of the DP and four of the SPUP, with Chief Minister Mancham becoming prime minister.^[2]

Independence

Although Mancham's SDP had initially opposed independence, public opinion on the island heavily favored it, and on June 29, 1976, the British officially granted independence to the Seychelles. Mancham was named the new president, and René became prime minister. The new government kept the original distribution of seats per their 1975 agreement. Each party agreed to a "grand coalition" until 1979, when the next elections would take place.^[2]^[3]

Less than one year after independence, on 5 June 1977, the SPUP overthrew the newly formed government in a bloodless coup while Mancham was overseas at a Commonwealth conference in London.^[4] René initially denied involvement, but eventually took responsibility as leader of the SPUP. This coup was claimed to have been to prevent the establishment of a one-party state, but likely was more motivated by the SPUP's lack of representation in the newly formed legislature.^[2] Following the coup, René was installed as president and ruled by proclamation for the next two years, before imposing a new constitution in 1979 without referendum. During this period, the SPUP was formally renamed the Seychelles People's Progressive Front, and became the sole ruling party of the new single-party socialist state.^[4] New elections were also called in 1979, and René was formally elected President of Seychelles.

One-party socialism

One-party socialism was established in the Seychelles in 1979 by France-Albert René and his SPUP, and ended in 1991. During this time the state built one of Africa's highest gross domestic products per capita.

Return to multiparty system

After almost sixteen years of one-party rule, President René announced a return to the multiparty system of government at an Extraordinary Congress of the ruling Seychelles People's Progressive Front (SPPF) on 4 December 1991. On 27 December 1991, the Constitution of Seychelles was amended to allow for the registration of political parties. Among the exiles returning to Seychelles was James Mancham, who returned in April 1992 to revive his party, the Democratic Party (DP). By the end of that month, eight political parties had registered to contest the first stage of the transition process: election to the Constitutional Commission, which took place on 23–26 July 1992.

The Constitutional Commission was made up of twenty two elected members, fourteen from the SPPF and eight from the DP. It commenced work on 27 August 1992 with both President René and Mancham calling for national reconciliation and consensus on a new democratic constitution. A consensus text was agreed upon on 7 May 1993 and a referendum to approve it called for 15–18 June. The draft was approved with 73.9% of the electorate in favor of it and 24.1% against.

23–26 July 1993 saw the first multiparty presidential and legislative elections held under the new constitution, as well as a resounding victory for President René. Three political groups contested the elections—the SPPF, the DP, and the United Opposition (UO)—a coalition of three smaller political parties, including Parti Seselwa. Two other smaller opposition parties threw in their lot with the DP. All participating parties and international observer groups accepted the results as "free and fair."

Three candidates again contested the 1998 presidential election: Albert René (SPPF), James Mancham (DP), and Wavel Ramkalawan. Again, President René and his SPPF party enjoyed a landslide victory. The President's vote in the 20–22 March elections jumped to 66.6% from 59.5% in 1993, while the SPPF garnered 61.7% of the total votes cast in the National Assembly election, compared to 56.5% in 1993.

The twenty-first century

Early elections originally set for 2003 were called in August/September 2001. The Government Party SPPF again prevailed, although the main Opposition Party, Seychelles National Party (previously known as the United Opposition Party) headed by Wavel Ramkalawan, made a surprisingly strong showing and collected 46% of the total votes. The DP, headed by Mancham, did not take part in the elections.

In April 2004, René retired as president, passing the office to his vice president, James Michel. At the next presidential election in July 2006, Michel polled 53.7% of valid votes, Wavel Ramkalawan 45.7% and Phillip Boulle 0.6%. In the May 2007 National Assembly elections, Seychelles People's Progressive Front took 56.2% of votes and Seychelles National Party in coalition with Seychelles Democratic Party took 43.8%. This gave SPPF 18 directly elected seats plus 5 nominated, total 23 seats with the SNP/DP coalition taking 7 directly elected plus 4 nominated, total 11 seats.

The new National Assembly building on Ile du Port, Victoria opened in 2009. The building was partly financed by the Government of China.^[5]^[6]

Michel's vice president, Danny Faure, was sworn in following the former's surprise resignation in October 2016.^[7] In the October 2020 general election, Wavel Ramkalawan, an Anglican priest, defeated Faure by 54.9% to 43.5%, and the opposition therefore took power for the first time since 1977.^[8] The Seychelles National Party, the Seychelles Party for Social Justice and Democracy and the Seychelles United Party formed a coalition, Linyon Demokratik Seselwa (LDS), to contest the National Assembly. LDS won 25 and former ruling party United Seychelles (US) 10 seats of the 35 seats of the National Assembly.^[9]

Executive branch

Main office-holders
Office	Name	Party	Since
President	Wavel Ramkalawan	LDS	26 October 2020

The President of Seychelles, who is both head of state and head of government, is elected by popular vote for a five-year term of office, and can be re-elected only once.

The cabinet is presided over and appointed by the President, subject to the approval of a majority of the legislature.

Legislative branch

The National Assembly/Assemblée Nationale has 34 members, elected for a term of five years, 25 members elected in single-seat constituencies and 9 members elected by proportional representation.

Political parties and elections

Presidential elections


Candidate		Running mate	Party	Votes	%
	Wavel Ramkalawan	Ahmed Afif	Linyon Demokratik Seselwa	35,562	54.91
	Danny Faure	Maurice Loustau-Lalanne	United Seychelles	28,178	43.51
	Alain St Ange	Peter Sinon	One Seychelles	1,021	1.58
Total				64,761	100.00

Valid votes				64,761	98.10
Invalid/blank votes				1,256	1.90
Total votes				66,017	100.00
Registered voters/turnout				74,634	88.45
Source: ECS

Parliamentary elections


Party		Votes	%	Seats
Party		Votes	%	FPTP	PR	Total	+/–
	Linyon Demokratik Seselwa	35,202	54.84	20	5	25	+6
	United Seychelles	27,185	42.35	6	4	10	–4
	One Seychelles	1,420	2.21	0	0	0	New
	Seychellois Alliance	70	0.11	0	0	0	New
	Independents	317	0.49	0	0	0	0
Total		64,194	100.00	26	9	35	+2

Valid votes		64,194	97.30
Invalid/blank votes		1,784	2.70
Total votes		65,978	100.00
Registered voters/turnout		74,634	88.40
Source: ECS

By constituency

Constituency		LDS		US		OS		Others		Valid	Total	Turnout	Registered
Constituency		Votes	%	Votes	%	Votes	%	Votes	%	Valid	Total	Turnout	Registered
1	Anse Aux Pins	1496	52.8	1254	44.2	84	3.0			2834	2916	88	3304
2	Anse Boileau	1564	53.1	1340	45.5	41	1.4			2945	3012	89	3398
3	Anse Etoile	2161	62.0	1273	36.5	50	1.4			3484	3585	88	4064
4	Anse Royale	1343	46.4	1484	51.3	66	2.3			2893	2893	86	3375
5	Au Cap	1845	61.7	1081	36.2	41	1.4	23	0.8	2990	3071	88	3509
6	Baie Lazare	1324	55.0	1083	45.0					2407	2481	90	2756
7	Baie Ste Anne	1289	43.5	1383	46.7	292	9.9			2964	3051	89	3444
8	Beau Vallon	1727	60.0	913	31.7			239	8.3	2879	2963	87	3421
9	Bel Air	1025	51.7	870	43.9	87	4.4			1982	2028	88	2315
10	Belombre	1726	63.2	1005	36.8					2731	2822	87	3261
11	Cascade	1317	54.2	1084	44.6	27	1.1			2428	2495	90	2785
12	English River	1429	57.5	980	39.5	50	2.0	25	1.0	2484	2575	89	2908
13	Glacis	1713	62.2	985	35.8	55	2.0			2753	2826	86	3270
14	Grand Anse (Mahe)	1428	67.6	685	32.4					2113	2183	88	2478
15	Grand Anse (Praslin)	1296	51.8	1103	44.0	105	4.2			2504	2521	90	2810
16	Ile Perseverance	1438	53.2	1098	40.6	167	6.2			2703	2826	92	3083
17	Inner Islands	665	37.1	1105	61.7	22	1.2			1792	1838	90	2046
18	Les Mamelles	1177	58.1	827	40.8			22	1.1	2026	2084	90	2326
19	Mont Buxton	1449	58.5	993	40.1	35	1.4			2477	2552	89	2882
20	Mont Fleuri	1317	58.9	919	41.1		0.0			2236	2305	87	2643
21	Plaisance	1452	53.2	1221	44.8	55	2.0			2728	2845	87	3257
22	Pointe Larue	966	46.2	1096	52.4	28	1.3			2090	2142	89	2400
23	Port Glaud	870	48.4	929	51.6					1799	1856	92	2008
24	Roche Caiman	776	44.4	781	44.7	192	11.0			1749	1803	91	1990
25	Saint Louis	1281	59.9	781	36.5			78	3.6	2140	2187	85	2572
26	Takamaka	1128	54.7	912	44.2	23	1.1			2063	2118	91	2329
Total		35202	54.8	27185	42.3	1420	2.2	387	0.6	64194	65978	88	74634
Source: ECS

Administrative divisions

Seychelles is divided in 25 administrative districts; Anse aux Pins, Anse Boileau, Anse Etoile, Anse Royale, Au Cap, Baie Lazare, Baie Sainte Anne, Beau Vallon, Bel Air, Bel Ombre, Cascade, English River, Glacis, Grand' Anse (on Mahe), Grand' Anse (on Praslin), Inner Islands, Les mamelles, Mont Buxton, Mont Fleuri, Plaisance, Pointe Larue, Port Glaud, Roche Caiman, Saint Louis, Takamaka.

International organization participation

Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique, ACP, AfDB, African Union, Commonwealth of Nations, ECA, FAO, Group of 77, IBRD, ICAO, International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, IFAD, International Finance Corporation, IFRCS, International Labour Organization, International Monetary Fund, International Maritime Organization, InOC, Intelsat (nonsignatory user), Interpol, IOC, International Organization for Standardization (correspondent), International Trade Union Confederation, Non-Aligned Movement, OPCW, Port Management Association of Eastern and Southern Africa (PMAESA), Southern African Development Community, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, United Nations Industrial Development Organization, UPU, World Health Organization, WMO, WToO, WTrO (applicant).

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Insight Guides Staff. (2019). Mauritius, Réunion and Seychelles - Insight Guides. APA Publications Services. ISBN 978-1-78919-057-1. OCLC 1103489285.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Poupko, Eliezer S. (2017-06-25). "An exploratory study of constitutional design in three island states: Seychelles, Comoros, and Mauritius". Journal of Contemporary African Studies. 35 (3): 324–348. doi:10.1080/02589001.2017.1341624. ISSN 0258-9001. S2CID 157407977.
^ Scarr, Deryck. "Seychelles: Independence, Revolution, Restoration of Democracy: 1960 to Present." Encyclopedia of African History, edited by Kevin Shillington, Routledge, 1st edition, 2004. Credo Reference,
^ ^a ^b "Seychelles." The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather Guide, edited by Helicon, 2018. Credo Reference, https://search.credoreference.com/content/topic/seychelles . Accessed 04 Dec. 2019.
^ "Opening of the New National Assembly Building". YouTube (in French). SBC Seychelles. 4 December 2009. Archived from the original on 2021-12-11.
^ "Construction of new National Assembly building begins". National Assembly of Seychelles. 24 March 2008.
^ "Danny Faure sworn in as new president".
^ "Seychelles election: Wavel Ramkalawan in landmark win". BBC News. 25 October 2020.
^ "EISA Seychelles: 2020 National Assembly election results overview".