Most toxic amphibians are poisonous to touch or eat. These amphibians usually sequester toxins from animals and plants on which they feed, commonly from poisonous insects or poisonous plants. Except certain salamandridsalamanders that can extrude sharp venom-tipped ribs,[1][2] and two species of frogs with venom-tipped bone spurs on their skulls, amphibians are not known to actively inject venom.
Toxic Frogs and Toads
An example of poison ingestion derives from the poison dart frog. They get a deadly chemical called lipophilicalkaloid from consuming a poisonous food in the rainforest. They are immune to the poison and they secrete it through their skin as a defense mechanism against predators. This poison is so efficient, the native people of the South AmericanAmazon rainforest use the frogs' toxins on their weapons to kill their prey, giving the frogs their nickname the "poison dart frog".
western British Columbia and southern Alaska south through Washington, Oregon, and Idaho to northern Baja California, Mexico; east to Montana, western and central Wyoming, Nevada, the mountains and higher plateaus of Utah, and western Colorado.
Rio Grande Valley in South Texas to the central Amazon and southeastern Peru, and some of the continental islands near Venezuela (such as Trinidad and Tobago) Introduced in Australia, Florida and Hawaii, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, the Ogasawara, Ishigaki Island and the Daitō Islands of Japan, most Caribbean islands, Fiji and many other Pacific islands
central and southern Iberian Peninsula and Morocco.
Recreational ingestion of toxins
Some people use the bufotoxins of some species of toxic toads as a drug to get high, but this can become very dangerous. Usually due to the toads' size and toxicity, the poisons would not be deadly to a fully grown, healthy adult. But if too much of the toxin is absorbed, or if the person is young or ill, then the poisons can become a serious threat. It also depends on species: some amphibians do have toxins strong enough to kill even a healthy mature person within just a few minutes, while other species may not have toxins potent enough to have any effect. Licking toads is not biologically practical. For these tryptamines to be orally activated, the human monoamine oxidase system must be inhibited. Therefore, licking a poisonous amphibian will not guarantee a sufficient dose.
^Robert T. Nowak & Edmund D. Brodie Jr. (1978). "Rib Penetration and Associated Antipredator Adaptations in the Salamander Pleurodeles waltl (Salamandridae)". Copeia. 1978 (3): 424–429. doi:10.2307/1443606. JSTOR1443606.
^Lüddecke, Tim; Schulz, Stefan; Steinfartz, Sebastian; Vences, Miguel (2018-09-04). "A salamander's toxic arsenal: review of skin poison diversity and function in true salamanders, genus Salamandra". The Science of Nature. 105 (9–10). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 56. Bibcode:2018SciNa.105...56L. doi:10.1007/s00114-018-1579-4. ISSN0028-1042. PMID30291447. S2CID52924816.