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Pitavastatin
Clinical data
Trade names	Livalo, Livazo, others
AHFS/Drugs.com	Monograph
MedlinePlus	a610018
License data	US DailyMed: Pitavastatin;
Pregnancy; category	AU: D; ;
Routes of; administration	By mouth
ATC code	C10AA08 (WHO) C10BA13 (WHO);
Legal status
Legal status	AU: S4 (Prescription only); CA: ℞-only; UK: POM (Prescription only); US: ℞-only; In general: ℞ (Prescription only);
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	60%
Protein binding	96%
Metabolism	Liver (CYP2C9, minimally)
Elimination half-life	11 hours
Excretion	Faeces
Identifiers
	IUPAC name (3R,5S,6E)-7-[2-Cyclopropyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)quinolin-3-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid;
CAS Number	147511-69-1 ;
PubChem CID	5282452;
IUPHAR/BPS	3035;
ChemSpider	4445604 ;
UNII	M5681Q5F9P;
ChEBI	CHEBI:32020 ;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL1201753 ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID1048384 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.171.153
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C25H24FNO4
Molar mass	421.468 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
	SMILES O=C(O)C[C@H](O)C[C@H](O)/C=C/c1c(c3ccccc3nc1C2CC2)c4ccc(F)cc4;
	InChI InChI=1S/C25H24FNO4/c26-17-9-7-15(8-10-17)24-20-3-1-2-4-22(20)27-25(16-5-6-16)21(24)12-11-18(28)13-19(29)14-23(30)31/h1-4,7-12,16,18-19,28-29H,5-6,13-14H2,(H,30,31)/b12-11+/t18-,19-/m1/s1 ; Key:VGYFMXBACGZSIL-MCBHFWOFSA-N ;
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Pitavastatin (usually as a calcium salt) is a member of the blood cholesterol lowering medication class of statins.^[1]

Pitavastatin is an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, the enzyme that catalyses the first step of cholesterol synthesis.

It was patented in 1987 and approved for medical use in 2003.^[2] It is available in Japan, South Korea and in India.^[3] In the US, it received FDA approval in 2009.^[4] Kowa Pharmaceuticals, a subsidiary of Kowa Company, is the owner of the American patent to pitavastatin.

Medical uses

Pitavastatin is indicated for hypercholesterolaemia (elevated cholesterol) and for the prevention of cardiovascular disease.

A 2009 study of the 104-week LIVES trial found pitavastatin increased HDL cholesterol, especially in patients with HDL lower than 40 mg/dL, who had a 24.6% rise, in addition to reducing LDL cholesterol 31.3%.^[5] HDL improved in patients who switched from other statins and rose over time. In the 70-month CIRCLE observational study, pitavastatin increased HDL more than atorvastatin.^[6]

It has neutral or possibly beneficial effects on glucose control. As a consequence, pitavastatin is likely to be appropriate for patients with metabolic syndrome plus high LDL, low HDL and diabetes mellitus.^{[citation needed]}

Side effects

Common statin-related side effects (headaches, stomach upset, abnormal liver function tests and muscle cramps) were similar to other statins.^[7] Pitavastatin is a lipophilic statin.^[8]^[9] Reports indicate that this statin may lead to fewer muscle side effects than other statins.^[10] One study found that coenzyme Q₁₀ was not reduced as much as with certain other statins (though this is unlikely given the inherent chemistry of the HMG-CoA reductase pathway that all statin drugs inhibit).^[11]^[12]

There is evidence that pitavastatin does not increase insulin resistance in humans, with insulin resistance assessed by the homeostatic model assessment (HOMA-IR) method.^[13]

Hyperuricemia or increased levels of serum uric acid have been reported with pitavastatin.^[14]

Metabolism and interactions

Statins are metabolised in part by one or more liver cytochrome P450 enzymes, leading to an increased potential for drug interactions and problems with certain foods (such as grapefruit juice). The primary metabolism pathway of pitavastatin is glucuronidation. It is minimally metabolized by the CYP450 enzymes CYP2C9 and CYP2C8,^[15] but not by CYP3A4 (which is a common source of interactions in other statins). As a result, it is less likely to interact with drugs that are metabolized via CYP3A4, which might be important for elderly patients who need to take multiple medicines.^[11]

History

Pitavastatin (previously known as itavastatin, itabavastin, nisvastatin, NK-104, or NKS-104) was discovered in Japan by Nissan Chemical Industries and developed further by Kowa Pharmaceuticals, Tokyo.^[11] Pitavastatin was approved for use in the United States by the FDA in August 2009, under the brand name Livalo. Pitavastatin has been also approved by the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) in UK in August 2010. Zypitamag (pitavastatin magnesium), a pharmaceutical alternative to Livalo, was approved for use in the United States by the FDA in 2017.

Society and culture

Brand names

Pitavastatin is marketed in the United States under the brand names Livalo and Zypitamag, and in the European Union and Russia under the brand name Livazo.

References

^ Kajinami K, Takekoshi N, Saito Y (2003). "Pitavastatin: efficacy and safety profiles of a novel synthetic HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor". Cardiovascular Drug Reviews. 21 (3): 199–215. doi:10.1111/j.1527-3466.2003.tb00116.x. PMID 12931254.
^ Fischer J, Ganellin CR (2006). Analogue-based Drug Discovery. John Wiley & Sons. p. 473. ISBN 9783527607495.
^ "Zydus Cadila launches pitavastatin in India". Archived from the original on 26 September 2017. Retrieved 28 May 2006.
^ "Pitavastatin (Livalo)--the seventh statin". The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics. 52 (1343): 57–8. July 2010. PMID 20651638.
^ Teramoto T, Shimano H, Yokote K, Urashima M (October 2009). "Effects of pitavastatin (LIVALO Tablet) on high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in hypercholesterolemia". Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis. 16 (5): 654–661. doi:10.5551/jat.1719. PMID 19907105.
^ Masana L (30 May 2013). "Pitavastatin in cardiometabolic disease: therapeutic profile". Cardiovascular Diabetology. 12 (Suppl 1): S2. doi:10.1186/1475-2840-12-S1-S2. PMC 3668168. PMID 23819752.
^ Duggan ST (March 2012). "Pitavastatin: a review of its use in the management of hypercholesterolaemia or mixed dyslipidaemia". Drugs. 72 (4): 565–584. doi:10.2165/11207180-000000000-00000. PMID 22356292. S2CID 195680129.
^ Sahebkar A, Kiaie N, Gorabi AM, Mannarino MR, Bianconi V, Jamialahmadi T, et al. (November 2021). "A comprehensive review on the lipid and pleiotropic effects of pitavastatin". Progress in Lipid Research. 84: 101127. doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2021.101127. PMID 34509516. S2CID 237494271.
^ Climent E, Benaiges D, Pedro-Botet J (20 May 2021). "Hydrophilic or Lipophilic Statins?". Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine. 8: 687585. doi:10.3389/fcvm.2021.687585. PMC 8172607. PMID 34095267.
^ "Alternative Cholesterol-Lowering Drug for Patients Who Can't Tolerate Statins". ScienceDaily. 11 May 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c Mukhtar RY, Reid J, Reckless JP (February 2005). "Pitavastatin". International Journal of Clinical Practice. 59 (2): 239–252. doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2005.00461.x. PMID 15854203. S2CID 221814440.
^ Kawashiri MA, Nohara A, Tada H, Mori M, Tsuchida M, Katsuda S, et al. (May 2008). "Comparison of effects of pitavastatin and atorvastatin on plasma coenzyme Q10 in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: results from a crossover study". Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 83 (5): 731–739. doi:10.1038/sj.clpt.6100396. PMID 17957184. S2CID 20956339.
^ Nakagomi A, Shibui T, Kohashi K, Kosugi M, Kusama Y, Atarashi H, Shimizu W (2015). "Differential Effects of Atorvastatin and Pitavastatin on Inflammation, Insulin Resistance, and the Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Patients with Dyslipidemia". Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis. 22 (11): 1158–1171. doi:10.5551/jat.29520. PMID 26084792.
^ Ogata N, Fujimori S, Oka Y, Kaneko K (June 2010). "Effects of three strong statins (atorvastatin, pitavastatin, and rosuvastatin) on serum uric acid levels in dyslipidemic patients". Nucleosides, Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids. 29 (4–6): 321–324. doi:10.1080/15257771003741323. PMID 20544514. S2CID 30650248.
^ "Livalo". Drugs.com..