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Pine Valley Mountains
Pine Valley Mountains
	Pine Valley Mountains and St. George
Highest point
Peak	Signal Peak
Elevation	10,365 ft (3,159 m)
Coordinates	37°19′11″N 113°29′30″W / 37.3197027°N 113.4916207°W
Dimensions
Length	35 mi (56 km) N/S
Width	28 mi (45 km) E/W
Area	591 sq mi (1,530 km2)
Geography
	Pine Valley Mountains
Country	United States
State	Utah

The Pine Valley Mountains are a mountain range in Washington County, Utah, United States, spanning the county north of the city of St. George.^[1] The highest point in the range is Signal Peak at 10,365 feet (3,159 m).^[2]^[3]^[4] The mountains are part of Dixie National Forest and are bordered to the south by the Red Cliffs National Conservation Area.

Geology

The Pine Valley Mountains formed from the Pine Valley Laccolith, the largest laccolith in the United States and perhaps the world.^[5] ^{[unreliable source?]} The laccolith was formed during a 20 million-year period of volcanic activity. After 4-5,000 feet of volcanic deposited on the Claron Formation, the magma vents were effectively sealed off. A final surge of magma, unable to find its way to the surface, pushed sideways along the weak seam between the Claron and the overlying volcanic layers. This injected a 3,000 foot-thick layer of monzonite porphyry to form the Pine Valley laccolith.^[6] The contact between the top of the Claron and the bottom of the laccolith can be seen in several locations, most notably near the headwaters of Cottonwood Creek along the southwest corner of the mountain range (see photo below in the gallery), and at the headwaters of Leap Creek north of the Browse Guard Station.

After erosion exposed the laccolith, volcanic activity continued and the youngest flows are 1-1.6 million years old.^[7] Many volcanic cinder cones can still be seen in the foothills of the Pine Valley Mountains and these have been dated at around 20,000 years old.^[8] As a result of these lava flows, the valley for which the mountain range is named and in which the town of Pine Valley is situated, was formed when lava dammed off the Santa Clara River and formed a lake. Sediments eventually filled the lake until they reached the height of the lava dam. These sediments form the floor of the present day Pine Valley, Grass Valley, and Grassy Flat.^[6]

The mountains straddle the divide between the Great Basin watershed and the watershed of the Virgin River, a tributary of the Colorado River. The Chinamen's Canal tunnel at the north end of Grass Valley diverts the waters of Mill Canyon Creek^{[citation needed]} from the Colorado River drainage system into the Great Basin drainage system, eventually finding its way into the Newcastle Reservoir via Pinto Creek. Zion National Park can be seen to the east from the mountains.

Wilderness

Part of the range is in the Pine Valley Mountain Wilderness, which at 50,232 acres (20,328 ha) is the fourth largest wilderness in Utah.^[9] The 2,643 acres (1,070 ha) Cottonwood Forest Wilderness is located at the southeastern end of the range.^[10]

Flora and fauna

The Pine Valley Mountains support spruce-fir forests, including a large stand of virgin Engelmann spruce. The mountains also have numerous meadows up to 50 acres (20 ha) in size.^[9] Several threatened, endangered, and sensitive species live in the mountains, including Bonneville cutthroat trout, Townsend's big-eared bat, and the pygmy rabbit, among others.

Botanically speaking, Pine Valley Mountain is the most diverse mountain range in Utah. A floristic survey was conducted between 1985 and 1987 and 967 species were collected.^[11] Since then, additional species have been added bringing the total to nearly 1,000. Three species new to Utah were identified including bitter cherry (Prunus emarginata (Dougl.) Walpers), common sandweed (Athysanus pusillus (Hook.) Greene), and Lemmon's onion (Allium lemmonii S. Wats.). Nineteen ferns and fern allies are present, 18 gymnosperms (conifers and Mormon teas), 150 species of monocots (including 86 grasses, 10 orchids, and 2 agaves, among others), with the remainder being dicots. The three largest families represented in the flora of Pine Valley Mountain include the Asteraceae with 160 species, Poaceae with 85 species, and Fabaceae with 63. The three largest genera and number of species collected are Eriogonum, 23, Cryptantha, 20, and Astragalus, 20. Some of the finds include:

Forked spleenwort (Asplenium septentrionale (L.) Hoffm.), a small grass-like fern found at a single high-elevation location north of Mill Flat.
Grape fern (Botrychium) found in the high meadows.
Young bristlecone pines (Pinus longaeva D.K. Bailey) are found along the very crest of the mountain especially near the summit of the Oak Grove trail and westward.
Sequoia tree (Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl.) Buchholz). A single tree planted behind the Browse guard station is almost four feet in diameter.
Pistachios have escaped cultivation from old plantings near Leeds and Harrisburg. The rootstocks for those orchards were the Mount Atlas pistachio (Pistacia atlantica Desf.) while the upper portions of the trees were the edible pistachio (Pistacia vera L.). Some of the tops have died and trees have resprouted from the rootstocks and produced viable seeds. Birds have helped move them into the southern foothills of Pine Valley Mountain where they have become naturalized, often growing as bonsai trees out of cracks in rocks and cliffs.
Dollarjoint cactus (Opuntia chlorotica Engelm. & Bigel.) scattered along the southern foothills.
A yellow-flowered population of Bridges penstemon (Penstemon rostriflorus Kellogg), along the south fork of Pinto Creek.
Three species of orchids in the genus Corallorhiza.
Pine Valley goldenbush (Ericameria crispus (L.C. Anderson) G.L. Nesom), with its peculiar crinkled leaves, is only found in the Pine Valley Mountains, most commonly along the Whipple Trail in Hop Canyon.
Utah spikemoss (Selaginella utahensis Flowers) has an extremely limited distribution in southwestern Utah and one location in Nevada, but is locally common on Pine Valley Mountain wherever a shady spot and Navajo sandstone can be found together.

All but one of Utah's conifers grow in the Pine Valley Mountains. Only the lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Douglas) is missing.

Recreation

There are numerous opportunities for recreation in the mountains, including hiking, rock climbing, camping, wildlife watching, fishing, hunting, horseback riding, and boating on a reservoir.^[12]^[13]

Peaks

Incomplete list of peaks of the Pine Valley Mountains^[3]^[14]
Mountain Peak	Elevation	Prominence	Isolation	Location
Signal Peak	10,364 ft 3159 m	4,485 ft 1367 m	41.2 mi 66.3 km	37°19′10″N 113°29′32″W / 37.319537°N 113.492205°W / 37.319537; -113.492205 (Signal Peak)
Burger Peak	10,322 ft 3146 m	282 ft 86 m	0.64 mi 1.03 km	37°19′32″N 113°30′04″W / 37.325469°N 113.501154°W / 37.325469; -113.501154 (Burger Peak)
Big Point	10,023 ft 3055 m	1,004 ft 306 m	6.44 mi 10.36 km	37°24′51″N 113°22′51″W / 37.4141°N 113.3809°W / 37.4141; -113.3809 (Big Point)
Gardner Peak	9,488 ft 2892 m	207 ft 63 m	5.29 mi 8.52 km	37°23′29″N 113°27′06″W / 37.391335°N 113.451708°W / 37.391335; -113.451708 (Gardner Peak)
Timber Mountain	9,022 ft 2750 m	522 ft 159 m	3.83 mi 6.16 km	37°28′15″N 113°23′46″W / 37.4708°N 113.3961°W / 37.4708; -113.3961 (Timber Mountain)
Mount Baldy	8,894 ft 2711 m	354 ft 108 m	1.81 mi 2.91 km	37°25′53″N 113°20′11″W / 37.4314°N 113.3364°W / 37.4314; -113.3364 (Mount Baldy)
Rencher Peak	8,789 ft 2679 m	768 ft 234 m	2.46 mi 3.96 km	37°30′06″N 113°24′41″W / 37.5016°N 113.4114°W / 37.5016; -113.4114 (Rencher Peak)
Snow Benchmark	5,571 ft 1698 m	unknown	11.24 mi 18.09 km	37°15′06″N 113°40′59″W / 37.251581°N 113.682986°W / 37.251581; -113.682986 (Snow Benchmark)
Veyo Volcano	5,240 ft 1597 m	600 ft 183 m	4.52 mi 7.28 km	37°18′59″N 113°41′47″W / 37.316301°N 113.696358°W / 37.316301; -113.696358 (Veyo Volcano)
Leeds Benchmark	5,174 ft 1577 m	unknown	6.71 mi 10.8 km	37°15′27″N 113°23′55″W / 37.257363°N 113.398505°W / 37.257363; -113.398505 (Leeds Benchmark)
Cottonwood Canyon Wilderness HP	5,016 ft 1529 m	unknown	6.75 mi 10.86 km	37°13′33″N 113°31′38″W / 37.225799°N 113.527169°W / 37.225799; -113.527169
Cinder Cone	4,839 ft 1475 m	unknown	3.17 mi 5.1 km	37°15′24″N 113°37′33″W / 37.256669°N 113.625884°W / 37.256669; -113.625884 (Cinder Cone)

Gallery

Pine Valley Mountains
Pine Valley Mountain from Lower Sand Cove
Pine Valley Mountains
Sunrise on Pine Valley Mountain and Red Cliffs National Conservation Area, Utah
Pine Valley Laccolith resting on top of the Claron Formation near the headwaters of Cottonwood Creek

References

^ "Pine Valley Mountains". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved May 26, 2012.
^ "Signal Peak". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved May 26, 2012.
^ ^a ^b "Pine Valley Mountains". PeakBagger. Retrieved May 26, 2012.
^ "Signal Peak, Utah". PeakBagger. Retrieved May 26, 2012.
^ "Pine Valley Mountains and Laccoliths". Geulogy.com. Retrieved May 26, 2012.
^ ^a ^b Cook, E.F. (1957). "Geology of the Pine Valley Mountains Utah". Utah Geological and Mineralogical Studies (58): 1–111.
^ Hintze, Lehi (1986). "Stratigraphy and Structure of the Beaver Dam Mountains, Southwestern Utah". Thrusting and Extensional Structures and Mineralization in the Beaver Dam Mountains, Southwestern Utah, Utah Geological Association Publication (15): 1–36.
^ Orndorff & Futey (August 15, 2007). Landforms of Southern Utah: A Photographic Exploration. Mountain Press Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0878425396.
^ ^a ^b "Pine Valley Mountain Wilderness". Wilderness.net. Retrieved May 26, 2012.
^ "Red Cliffs National Conservation Area" (PDF). U.S. Forest Service. November 12, 2008.
^ Warrick, Robert B. (1987). A Floristic Survey of the Pine Valley Mountains, Utah. Provo, Utah: Department of Botany and Range Science, Brigham Young University.
^ "Pine Valley Mountains". Utah.com. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
^ Scott (February 16, 2010). "Signal Peak". Summitpost. Retrieved May 26, 2012.
^ "Washington County UT Peaks List". listsofjohn.com. Retrieved June 21, 2013.