The phantom shiner (Notropis orca) is an extinct species of fish. It was once endemic to the Rio Grande basin and ranged from central New Mexico to southernmost Texas and adjacent Tamaulipas. It was once found in the warm water reaches of the Rio Grande, though never particularly abundant. The species was last collected on 28 July 1975, in Tamaulipas, Mexico, 4.0 km below Ciudad Diaz Ordaz.[2] Subsequent attempts to collect the phantom shiner from 1977[3] to 1994[4] were unsuccessful and it has been presumed extinct as of 1996.[5]
The native range of the phantom shiner was the Rio Grande from Espanola downstream to Brownsville, Texas. In New Mexico, it was documented only in the reach from Espanola to Socorro.
Specimens of the phantom shiner have been collected only irregularly (three times in 1939) in a 60 km reach of the middle Rio Grande between Isleta and Bernardo. A single specimen was taken from the Rio Grande in Big Bend National Park in 1953 representing the only known example of the species in the river between El Paso and the mouth of the Pecos River. In 1959 Trevino-Robinson reported the phantom shiner as abundant in the lower Rio Grande in Texas, downstream from the Pecos River confluence. The last known specimen was recorded in Mexico in 1975.
^Chernoff, B. and R. R. Miller. (1982). Mexican freshwater silversides (Pisces: Atherinidae) of the genus Archomenidia, with the description of a new species. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 95(3): 428-439.
^Hubbs, C., R. R. Miller, R. J. Edwards, K. W. Thompson, E. Marsh, G. P. Garrett, G. L. Powell, D. J. Morris, and R. W. Zerr (1977). Fishes inhabiting the Rio Grande, Texas and Mexico, between El Paso and the Pecos confluence. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-43:91-97.
^SEDESOL (1994). NORMA Oficial Mexicana NOM-059-ECOL-1994, que determina las especies y subespecies de flora y fauna silvestres terrestres y acuátivas en peligro de extinción amenazadas, raras y las sujetas a protección especial, y que establee especifícaciones para su protección. Diario y que Oficial, 16 May 1994, 488 (10): 2-60. Mexico.
^Miller, R. R., W. L. Minckley, and S. M. Norris. (2005). Freshwater Fishes of Mexico. University of Chicago Press. Chicago, Illinois. xxv, 490 pp. ISBN0-226-52604-6
