According to a legend, the settlement was founded by the Cossack Petryk, who gathered under his protection the serfs from the local villages.
Petrykivka was first mentioned in historical documents in 1772, when the residents of neighbouring Kurylivka village asked Kosh OtamanPetro Kalnyshevsky to move their Orthodox Chapel to a safer place because of flooding. According to that request, the wooden church was moved to Petrykivka.
Until the raion was abolished on 18 July 2020,[3][4] Petrykivka was the administrative center of Petrykivka Raion. After that date the village became part of Dnipro Raion.
Until 26 January 2024, Petrykivka was designated urban-type settlement. On this day, a new law entered into force which abolished this status, and Petrykivka became a rural settlement.[5]