Parrhasius of Ephesus (Ancient Greek: Παρράσιος) was a famed painter of Ancient Greece. Zeuxis, Timanthes and Parrhasius were painters who belonged to the Ionian School of painting. The Ionian School flourished during the 4th-century BCE.[1][2][3]
Life
Born to the painter Evenor, he settled in Athens. The period of his activity is fixed by the anecdote which Xenophon records of the conversation between him and Socrates on the subject of art; he was therefore distinguished as a painter before 399 BC.[4]Seneca relates a tale that Parrhasius bought one of the Olynthians whom Philip sold into slavery, 346 BC, and tortured him in order to have a model for a picture of the bound Prometheus for the Parthenon in Athens; but the story, which is similar to one told of Michelangelo, is chronologically impossible.[5]
Contest with Zeuxis
Pliny the Elder described Parrhasius's contest with Zeuxis in his book Naturalis Historia: The latter painted some grapes so perfectly that a flock of birds flew down to eat them but, instead, only pecked at their picture. Zeuxis had fooled the birds with his picture. Parrhasius and Zeuxis walked to Parrhasius's studio whereupon Parrhasius asked Zeuxis to draw aside the curtain and witness his own masterpiece. When Zeuxis attempted to do so, he realized that the curtain was not a curtain, but a painting of a curtain. Zeuxis acknowledged himself to be surpassed, for while Zeuxis had deceived the birds, Parrhasius had deceived Zeuxis. This one of the earliest examples mentioned of the idea of trompe-l'œil.[6]
Legacy
A Lekythos painted by an artist associated with Group R. Andreas Rumpf and Martin Robertson speculate that the depiction of the central figure, with his slanted head, morose expression, and seated pose, was influenced by Parrhasius.
Parrhasius was universally placed in the very first rank among painters. He first attained skill in making his figures appear to stand out from the background. His skillful drawing of outlines is especially praised by ancient writers, and many of his drawings on wood and parchment were preserved and highly valued by later painters for purposes of study. Some scholars have proposed that his influence can be seen in White-Ground vase-paintings of his era, particularly in the works associated with Group R painters.[7][8]
His picture of Theseus adorned the Capitol in Rome. His other works, besides the obscene subjects with which he is said to have amused his leisure, are chiefly mythological groups. A picture of the Demos, the personified People of Athens, is famous; according to the story, which is probably based upon epigrams, the twelve prominent characteristics of the people, though apparently quite inconsistent with each other, were distinctly expressed in this figure.[9]
Parrhasius is commemorated in the scientific name of a species of Australian lizard, Lygisaurus parrhasius, the fire-tailed rainbow-skink.[10]
^Gilman, Daniel Coit; Peck, Harry Thurston; Colby, Frank Moore, eds. (1906). "Ionian". The New International Encyclopaedia. Vol. 10. New York, NY: Dood, Mead and Company. p. 734. Retrieved September 10, 2023.
^Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN978-1-4214-0135-5. ("Parrhasius", p. 201).
