Panarctic Oils Flight 416

Panarctic Oils Flight 416
A Lockheed L-188 Electra registered in Canada, similar to the crashed plane
Accident
Date30 October 1974 (1974-10-30)
SummaryControlled flight into terrain (icy sea surface)
SiteByam Channel, 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) south of Rea Point Airfield, Melville Island, Northwest Territories, Canada
Aircraft
Aircraft typeLockheed L-188 Electra
OperatorPanarctic Oils
RegistrationCF-PAB
Flight originCalgary Airport, Alberta, Canada
StopoverEdmonton Airport, Alberta, Canada
DestinationRea Point Airfield, Canada
Occupants34
Passengers30
Crew4
Fatalities32
Injuries2
Survivors2

Panarctic Oils Flight 416 was a flight that crashed in the Arctic, killing 32 of the 34 people on board on 30 October 1974. The Lockheed L-188 Electra passenger plane took off from Edmonton Airport toward Rea Point Airfield on Melville Island in the Canadian Arctic. As the plane was approaching the airfield, it went down short of the runway, hitting the icy surface of the Byam Channel and then falling through the ice. All 30 passengers and two of the four crew members were killed in the accident.[1]

Aircraft and operators

The aircraft involved in the accident was a Lockheed L-188 Electra, which had been delivered to Northwest Orient Airlines on 23 May 1961. From 29 December 1969 the aircraft with its new registration CF-PAB belonged to the fleet of International Jetair Ltd. and from March 1970 to Panarctic Oils.[2] The aircraft was equipped with four Allison 501-D13 turboprop engines.[1]

Panarctic Oils was a company founded in 1966 to explore for oil deposits in the Canadian Arctic Circle. It was later absorbed into Petro-Canada. To transport employees and equipment, Panarctic Oils initially chartered aircraft from other companies, but soon established its own fleet of aircraft.[1][3]

Flight history

First leg of the flight

Panarctic Oils Flight 416 took off at 6:05 p.m. on October 29, 1974. The Lockheed L-188 Electra departed Calgary Airport for a positioning flight to Edmonton Airport. At that time, there were only a crew of three on board, consisting of the flight captain, first officer and flight engineer. The half-hour flight went without incident. The aircraft was prepared in Edmonton for the onward flight to the Arctic north of Canada. Baggage and cargo weighing 20,000 pounds (9,100 kg) were brought on board and the plane was refueled with 21,000 pounds (9,500 kg) of Jet B jet fuel. The captain and the flight engineer were replaced. The new captain was briefed on the weather conditions and the flight plan was submitted.[1][3]

Second leg of the flight

The estimated duration of the second leg of the flight was 4 hours and 12 minutes. There were 30 passengers on board, as well as a fourth, male crew member, who acted as loadmaster and flight attendant at the same time on the combined cargo and passenger flight.[1][3]

The Electra took off again from Edmonton at 8:04 p.m. The flight went without any special incidents. As far as Fort Smith, Northwest Territories, the aircraft was flown at an altitude of 18,000 feet (5,500 m), then it climbed to 21,000 feet (6,400 m). In accordance with the schedule, the aircraft flew over Byron Bay in what is now Nunavut at 11:04 p.m. About 100 miles (160 km) further north, the aircraft climbed to an altitude of 25,000 feet (7,600 m). When the aircraft was about 150 miles (240 km) from Rea Point, the crew made radio contact with the landing site. A VOR/DME straight approach to runway 33 was performed. The initiated descent was quiet apart from some turbulence at an altitude of 4,000 feet (1,200 m). When they were at a distance of about 17 miles (27 km) from Rea Point Airfield, the pilots maintained an altitude of 2,000 feet (610 m) for 1 minute and 45 seconds before lowering the aircraft further until it was at an altitude of about 875 feet (267 m) at a distance of 6 miles (9.7 km) from the airfield. The crew contacted the airfield at Rea Point and informed them of their DME distance on the final approach.[1][3]

During the approach, the engine power was adjusted to 1500 hp each. Both VHF navigation devices were tuned to the frequency of the Rea Point rotary radio beacon and both radio compasses were tuned to the non-directional beacon of Rea Point. Both barometric altimeters in the cockpit were tuned to the local air pressure of the target airfield of 29.91 inches of mercury (101.3 kPa). The indicated airspeed (IAS) was 150 knots (280 km/h; 170 mph) with a headwind component of 30 knots (56 km/h; 35 mph), which corresponded to a ground speed of 120 knots (220 km/h; 140 mph). The landing checklist was completed, and the flaps and landing gear were fully extended. The landing lights were extended but not switched on, but the headlights in the leading edges of the wings and the rolling lights were. The captain did not conduct a pre-landing briefing.[1][3]

Accident

Looking out of the cockpit window, the flight engineer thought he could see the icy sea. The captain, on the other hand, believed that the aircraft was above a layer of clouds, so he reduced the thrust and pushed the control horn forward, causing significant g-forces to act on the plane. The rate of descent increased rapidly to 1,700 feet (520 m) to 2,000 feet (610 m) per minute. When the aircraft was at an altitude of 200 feet (61 m) and 2 miles (3.2 km) from the runway, the first officer shouted to the captain piloting the aircraft that the rate of descent was too high, to which the pilot did not respond. At an altitude of 50 feet (15 m), the first officer and the flight engineer both called out to the captain again, but again there was no response. The first officer stretched out his hand to the thrust levers on the right side, where the flight engineer's hand was already located. The plane hit the ice. On impact, the cockpit section tore off the fuselage and slid, along with the cargo, 900 feet (270 m) over the ice. The fuselage of the plane sank into the hole created by the impact in the ice surface. After the cockpit section came to a stop on the ice, the flight engineer unfastened his harness. When he straightened up, he saw that the captain and the first officer were still in their seats. Although he was injured, the first officer managed to unfasten his seat belt. The flight engineer managed to pull him onto the ice. Shortly afterwards the ice collapsed around the cockpit section, which then plunged into the water and sank.[1][3]

Victims and survivors

Only the first officer, David Wayne Hatton, and the flight engineer, Garry Douglas Weyman, survived the accident. One passenger, who had initially survived, died on the way to the hospital in Edmonton, several thousand kilometers away,[3] due to hemorrhagic shock caused by severe blood loss. Of the plane's remaining 31 occupants, 16 had potentially survivable injuries. Of these individuals, an estimated five survived for more than 15 minutes, four survived for 10 to 15 minutes, and seven for less than 10 minutes. Of those who survived less than 10 minutes, six were found on the seabed, probably drowned.[citation needed]

Although the crash site was only 2.5 nautical miles (2.9 mi; 4.6 km) from the end of the runway, it took about two hours from the time of the crash to the arrival of emergency responders. The delay was due to an inadequately defined emergency response procedure. There was no off-airport vehicle on standby, and emergency response following the loss of radio contact with the aircraft was slow to be initiated. However, according to the accident report, it was unlikely that a faster response would have affected the outcome.[3]

Reactions

In a 4 November 1974 article in the Medicine Hat News, the crash site in the Arctic Ocean was described as the "worst place for an (aviation) accident" in icy conditions.[4] The island is located about 700 kilometres (430 mi) from the Canadian mainland, within a radius of hundreds of kilometers there are only Arctic Ocean and polar steppe, most areas are uninhabited, professional medical infrastructure was non-existent in the region, and the nearest major cities with professionally equipped trauma clinics are thousands of kilometers away. The distance to Edmonton, where the originally rescued passenger was to be transferred, is more than 2,400 kilometres (1,500 mi). The weakened accident victims, with their potentially survivable injuries, were exposed to extreme cold and rapid first aid could hardly be provided.

Cause of accident

A 60-page report on the accident was published. The following accident factors were reported:[3]

  • The approach continued below the minimum descent altitude permitted by the airline;
  • the pilot in charge reacted inappropriately to a visual cue and suddenly initiated the last rapid descent; this descent was described as "irrational";[3]
  • the excessively high rate of descent was not corrected due to the partial incapacitation of the pilot-in-charge;
  • crew resource management in the final stages of the flight was inadequate;
  • no flight operations manual or similar document had been provided by the carrier that would adequately set out the duties and responsibilities of the flight crew;
  • the flight was operated in accordance with the operating regulations for private and not commercial flights;
  • the emergency response at Rea Point Airfield was inadequate.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h "ASN Aircraft accident Lockheed L-188PF Electra CF-PAB Rea Point Airfield, NT (YOX)". Aviation Safety Network. Flight Safety Foundation. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
  2. ^ "CF-PAB Pan Arctic [sic] Oils L-188 Electra-C". PlaneLogger. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Stevenson, William A. (June 1976). "INQUIRY INTO THE MATTER OF A CRASH OF A PANARCTIC ELECTRA AIRCRAFT AT REA POINT, NORTHWEST TERRITORIES, OCTOBER 30, 1974, before His Honour Judge W. A. Stevenson" (PDF). Retrieved 7 December 2023.
  4. ^ "Plane crash reviewed". Medicine Hat News. 4 November 1974. p. 8.

Read other articles:

Diócesis de Leiría-Fátima Dioecesis Leirien(sis)-Fatimen(sis) (en latín) Catedral de la Inmaculada ConcepciónInformación generalIglesia católicaIglesia sui iuris latinaRito romanoSufragánea de patriarcado de LisboaPatronazgo • Nuestra Señora de Fátima• san AgustínFecha de erección 22 de mayo de 1545 (como diócesis de Leiría)Bula de erección Pro excellentiSedeCatedral de la Inmaculada ConcepciónCiudad sede LeiríaDivisión administrativa distrito de LeiríaPaís  Portu...

 

هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (ديسمبر 2020) جزء من سلسلة مقالات حولقرارات مجلس الأمنالتابع للأمم المتحدة الأعضاء الصين · فرنسا · روسياالمملكة المتحدة · الولايات المتحدة الأعضاء غير الدائمون...

 

Minuto Información personalNombre de nacimiento Enrique Vargas González Apodo Minuto Nacimiento 21 de diciembre de 1870 Sevilla (España) Fallecimiento 20 de junio de 1930 (59 años)Sevilla (España) Residencia Sevilla Nacionalidad EspañolaLengua materna Español Información profesionalOcupación Torero (1890-1899) Años activo 1890-1899Seudónimo Minuto Alternativa 30 de noviembre de 1890Sevilla, EspañaPadrino: El GalloConfirmación de alternativa 17 de mayo de 1892Madrid, EspañaP...

هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (يوليو 2023) ماري روز تيسون معلومات شخصية الحياة العملية المهنة عالمة نفس،  وباحثة  موظفة في جامعة نيو ساوث ويلز  الجوائز  وصيف وسام أستراليا (2018)زمالة أكاديمية...

 

السلطة الوطنية المستقلة للانتخابات الاختصار INAE-DZ البلد الجزائر  المقر الرئيسي الجزائر العاصمة  تاريخ التأسيس 14 سبتمبر 2019  النوع سلطة انتخابات العضوية 50 عضواً الرئيس محمد شرفي الموقع الرسمي الموقع الرسمي  الهيئة العليا المستقلة لمراقبة الانتخابات    تعديل ...

 

River in Virginia, United States Flooding of the North Anna River along U.S. Route 1 after Hurricane Camille, 1969 The North Anna River is a principal tributary of the Pamunkey River, about 62 miles (100 km) long,[1] in central Virginia in the United States. Via the Pamunkey and York rivers, it is part of the watershed of Chesapeake Bay. The river was the site of the Battle of North Anna during the American Civil War. According to the Geographic Names Information System, the rive...

Anci La RicciLontara Bugis: ᨕᨏᨗ ᨒ ᨑᨗᨌᨗLontara Makassar: ᨕᨌᨗ ᨒ ᨑᨗᨌᨗTampilan foto Anci La Ricci pada sampul kaset albumnya Sungguh Mati Kucinta Kamu tahun 1991LahirSyamsir Arifin(1953-08-17)17 Agustus 1953Kalosi, Kewedanan Enrekang, SulawesiMeninggal8 Oktober 2017(2017-10-08) (umur 64)Kota Makassar, Sulawesi SelatanSebab meninggalAsmaMakamPemakaman Moncongbalang, Kabupaten Gowa, Sulawesi SelatanKebangsaanIndonesiaNama lainDaeng Labbang/Daeng La'ban...

 

Українські аматорські студії озвучення або українські фандаб студії — студії, що спеціалізуються на аудіолокалізації (дублювання чи закадрове озвучення) відеоконтенту українською мовою[1]. Працюють переважно як некомерційні структури, хоча наприкінці 2010-их поч...

 

Brazos Valley Council of GovernmentsLogoMap of Texas highlighting counties served by the Brazos Valley Council of GovernmentsFormationNovember 1966TypeVoluntary association of governmentsRegion served 5,124 sq mi (13,270 km2)Membership 7 counties Historical populationYearPop.±%2000267,085—    2010319,447+19.6%2020362,495+13.5%Source: [1][2] The Brazos Valley Council of Governments (BVCOG) is a voluntary association of cities, counties and ...

Theatre in London For the later Aldwych theatre known as the Strand Theatre, see Novello Theatre. Royal Strand TheatreBarker's PanoramaRayner's New Subscription TheatreThe New Strand (Subscription) TheatrePunch's' Playhouse and Marionette Theatre2nd Anniversary Souvenir from A Chinese Honeymoon (1903)AddressStrand, WestminsterLondonCoordinates51°30′45″N 0°06′58″W / 51.51239°N 0.11600°W / 51.51239; -0.11600OwnerBenjamin Lionel RaynerDesignationDemolishedCapa...

 

Staffel 4 von Enterprise Produktionsland Vereinigte Staaten Vereinigte Staaten Episoden 22 Premiere 8. Okt. 2004 – 13. Mai 2005 auf UPN DeutschsprachigePremiere 12. Feb. 2006 – 9. Juli 2006 auf Sat.1 → Episodenliste → ← Staffel 3 Die vierte Staffel schließt die US-amerikanische Fernsehserie Star Trek: Enterprise ab (in den ersten beiden Staffeln als Enterprise bezeichnet). Sie besteht aus 22 Episoden mit einer Länge von je...

 

Aapravasi Ghat Le MorneLocalização do Patrimônio Mundial na Maurícia . A Organização das Nações Unidas para a Educação, a Ciência e a Cultura (UNESCO) propôs um plano de proteção aos bens culturais do mundo, através do Comité sobre a Proteção do Património Mundial Cultural e Natural, aprovado em 1972.[1] Esta é uma lista do Patrimônio Mundial existente na Maurícia, especificamente classificada pela UNESCO e elaborada de acordo com dez principais critérios cujos pontos s...

American football player (born 1944) For the Australian rules footballer, see Jack Clancy (Australian footballer). American football player Jack ClancyNo. 24Position:Wide receiverPersonal informationBorn: (1944-06-18) June 18, 1944 (age 79)Humboldt, Iowa, U.S.Career informationCollege:MichiganNFL Draft:1966 / Round: 5 / Pick: 73AFL Draft:1966 / Round: Red Shirt 3 / Pick: 19(by the Miami Dolphins)[1]Career history Miami Dolphins (1967–1969...

 

Cet article est une liste non exhaustive de tremblements de terre importants qui ont eu leur épicentre au Maroc ou ont eu un impact significatif dans le pays. Sismicité au Maroc Le nord du Maroc se situe à proximité de la frontière entre la plaque africaine et la plaque eurasienne, la faille transformante Açores-Gibraltar. Cette zone de décrochement latéral droit devient transpressionnelle à son extrémité Est, avec le développement de grandes failles de chevauchement. À l'Est du ...

 

Макс и его компанияангл. Max & Co Постер мультфильма «Макс и его компания» Жанры Приключения,Семейный Техники анимации покадровая анимация и кукольная анимация Режиссёры Фредерик Гийом,Самюэль Гийом Авторы сценария Кристин Дори, Эммануель Салинджер Роли озвучив...

У этого топонима есть и другие значения, см. Ефтята. ДеревняЕфтята 58°44′10″ с. ш. 56°53′29″ в. д.HGЯO Страна  Россия Субъект Федерации Пермский край Городской округ Добрянский История и география Прежние названия Евтяки, Евтята Высота центра 129 м Часовой пояс UTC+5:00 ...

 

هذه المقالة بحاجة لصندوق معلومات. فضلًا ساعد في تحسين هذه المقالة بإضافة صندوق معلومات مخصص إليها. يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (فبراير 2021) هذه ال...

 

Edward ImpeyFSA FRHistSImpey addressing a conference in 2010BornEdward Alexander Impey (1962-05-28) 28 May 1962 (age 61)NationalityBritishOccupationMuseum directorKnown forDirector General of the Royal Armouries (2013—2022)TitleMaster of the ArmouriesSpouse Karen Lundgren ​(m. 2008)​ChildrenTwoAwardsFellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London Fellow of the Royal Historical SocietyAcademic backgroundEducationDragon School Bedales SchoolAlma mater...

Flatbread originating in South Asia Not to be confused with Parotta. For Indian caste, see Maratha. ParathaAloo parathaPlace of originIndian subcontinent[1]Associated cuisineBangladesh, Fiji, Guyana, India, Malaysia, Maldives, Thailand, Myanmar,[2] Nepal, Pakistan, Gulf countries Singapore, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Trinidad and TobagoMain ingredientsAtta, ghee/butter/cooking oil and various stuffingsVariationsAloo paratha, Roti Canai, Wrap roti  Media: Paratha Paratha (pr...

 

2019 Czech filmDaughterDirected byDaria KashcheevaWritten byDaria KashcheevaProduced byZuzana Roháčová, Ondřej Šejnoha, Martin VandasCinematographyDaria KashcheevaEdited byAlexander KashcheevMusic byPetr VrbaProductioncompaniesFAMU - Film and TV School of the Academy of Performing Arts in Prague, MAUR filmDistributed byMiyu DistributionRelease date 12 June 2019 (2019-06-12) Running time15 minutesCountryCzech RepublicBudget750,000 CZK[1] Daughter (Czech: Dcera) is a...

 

Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!