Ottoman–Persian Wars

For all conflicts between Turkic states and Persian states, see Turco-Persian Wars.

Ottoman–Persian Wars
Part of the Ottoman–Persian Wars and also Ottoman wars in Asia
Date 1514–1813 Location Mesopotamia (Iraq), Caucasus (North and South Caucasus) Result Indecisive Territorial changes Ottomans conquered Eastern Anatolia Mesopotamia (Iraq) Western Armenia Western Georgia
Belligerents
Safavid Empire Afsharid Iran Zand Iran Qajar Iran	Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman–Persian Wars or Ottoman–Iranian Wars were a series of wars between Ottoman Empire and the Safavid, Afsharid, Zand, and Qajar dynasties of Iran (historically known as Persia) through the 16th–19th centuries. The Ottomans consolidated their control of what is today Turkey in the 15th century, and gradually came into conflict with the emerging neighboring Iranian state, led by Ismail I of the Safavid dynasty. The two states were arch rivals, and were also divided by religious grounds, the Ottomans being staunchly Sunni and the Safavids being Shia. A series of military conflicts ensued for centuries during which the two empires competed for control over eastern Anatolia, the Caucasus, and Iraq.

Name of the war	Sultan of Ottoman Empire	Shah of Persian Empire	Treaty at the end of the war	Victorious Empire
Battle of Chaldiran (1514)	Selim I	Ismail I	None	Ottoman Empire
War of 1532–1555	Suleiman I	Tahmasp I	Treaty of Amasya (1555)	Ottoman Empire [1]
War of 1578–1590	Murad III	Mohammad Khodabanda, Abbas I	Treaty of Constantinople (1590)	Ottoman Empire
War of 1603–1612	Ahmed I	Abbas I	Treaty of Nasuh Pasha	Persian Empire
War of 1616–1618	Ahmed I, Mustafa I, Osman II	Abbas I	Treaty of Serav (1618)	Persian Empire
War of 1623–1639	Murad IV	Abbas I, Safi	Treaty of Zuhab (1639)	Ottoman Empire
War of 1730–1735	Mahmud I	Abbas III	Treaty of Constantinople (1736)	Persian Empire
War of 1743–1746	Mahmud I	Nader Shah	Treaty of Kerden (1746)	Indecisive[2]
War of 1775–1776	Abdulhamid I	Karim Khan Zand	None	Persian Empire[3]
War of 1821–1823	Mahmud II	Fat′h-Ali Shah Qajar	Treaty of Erzurum (1823)	Persian Empire

Among the numerous treaties, the Treaty of Zuhab of 1639 is usually considered as the most significant, as it fixed present Turkey–Iran and Iraq–Iran borders. In later treaties, there were frequent references to the Treaty of Zuhab.^{[citation needed]}

See also

• Ottoman–Safavid relations
• Habsburg–Persian alliance
• Franco-Ottoman alliance
• Ottoman–Hotaki War (1726–1727)
• Persian campaign (World War I)
• Russo-Persian Wars
• Russo-Turkish Wars

References

1. Gábor Ágoston-Bruce Masters:Encyclopaedia of the Ottoman Empire, ISBN 978-0-8160-6259-1, p.280
2. Selcuk Aksin Somel (2010), The A to Z of the Ottoman Empire, quote: "This indecisive military conflict resulted in the preservation of the existing borders.", The Scarecrow Press Inc., p. 170
3. Fattah, Hala Mundhir (1997). The Politics of Regional Trade in Iraq, Arabia, and the Gulf: 1745–1900. SUNY Press. p. 34. ISBN 9781438402376.

Sources

• Yves Bomati and Houchang Nahavandi,Shah Abbas, Emperor of Persia, 1587–1629, 2017, ed. Ketab Corporation, Los Angeles, ISBN 978-1595845672, English translation by Azizeh Azodi.
• Sicker, Martin (2001). The Islamic World in Decline: From the Treaty of Karlowitz to the Disintegration of the Ottoman Empire. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 027596891X.